![]() |
[Home] [Databases] [World Law] [Multidatabase Search] [Help] [Feedback] [DONATE] | |||||||||
United Kingdom Asylum and Immigration Tribunal |
||||||||||
PLEASE SUPPORT BAILII & FREE ACCESS TO LAW
To maintain its current level of service, BAILII urgently needs the support of its users.
Since you use the site, please consider making a donation to celebrate BAILII's 25 years of providing free access to law. No contribution is too small. If every visitor this month gives just £5, it will have a significant impact on BAILII's ability to continue providing this vital service.
Thank you for your support! | ||||||||||
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> United Kingdom Asylum and Immigration Tribunal >> AM & AM (armed conflict: risk categories) Rev 1 Somalia CG [2008] UKAIT 00091 (27 January 2009) URL: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKIAT/2008/00091.html Cite as: [2008] UKAIT 00091, [2008] UKAIT 91 |
[New search]
[Context]
[View without highlighting]
[Printable RTF version]
[Help]
AM & AM (armed conflict: risk categories) Somalia
CG [2008] UKAIT 00091
ASYLUM AND IMMIGRATION TRIBUNAL
Date of hearing: 27 – 29 October 2008
Date Determination notified: 27 January 2009
Before
Senior Immigration Judge Storey
Senior Immigration Judge P R Lane
Senior Immigration Judge Perkins
Between
AM & AM | APPELLANT |
and | |
Secretary of State for the Home Department | RESPONDENT |
For the Appellants: Mr R Toal of Counsel and Mr S Sayeed of Counsel instructed by South Manchester Law Centre and Wilson & Co
For the Respondent: Miss E Laing QC and Miss D Rhee instructed by the Treasury Solicitor
DETERMINATION AND REASONS
1. When considering the question of whether a person is eligible for refugee protection on the basis of exposure to armed conflict, Adan [1998] 2 WLR 702 does not permit decision makers to reject their claims per se.
2. A person may be able to succeed in a claim to protection based on poor socio-economic or dire humanitarian living conditions under the Refugee Convention or Article 15 of the Qualification Directive or Article 3, although to succeed on this basis alone the circumstances would have to be extremely unusual.
3. In the context of Article 15(c) the serious and individual threat involved does not have to be a direct effect of the indiscriminate violence; it is sufficient if the latter is an operative cause.
4. The Opinion of the Advocate General in Elgafaji, 9 September 2008 in Case C-465/07, BAILII: [2008] EUECJ C-465/07_O, does not afford an adequately reasoned basis for departing from the guidance given on the law in the reported cases of the Tribunal on Article 15(c), namely HH and others (Mogadishu: armed conflict: risk)Somalia
CG [2008] UKAIT 00022 and KH (Article 15(c) Qualification Directive) Iraq CG [2008] UKAIT 00023.
5. Before the Tribunal will take seriously a challenge to the historic validity of a Tribunal country guidance case, it would need submissions which seek to adduce all relevant evidence, for or against, the proposed different view. The historic validity of the guidance given in HH is confirmed.
6. However, as regards the continuing validity of the guidance given in HH, the Tribunal considers that there have been significant changes in the situation in central and southernSomalia
, such that the country guidance in that case is superseded to the following extent:
(i)There is now an internal armed conflict within the meaning of international humanitarian law (IHL) and Article 15(c) of the Refugee Qualification Directive throughout central and southernSomalia
, not just in and around Mogadishu. The armed conflict taking place in Mogadishu currently amounts to indiscriminate violence at such a level of severity as to place the great majority of the population at risk of a consistent pattern of indiscriminate violence. On the present evidence Mogadishu is no longer safe as a place to live in for the great majority of returnees whose home area is Mogadishu;
(ii) Assessment of the extent to which internally displaced persons (IDPs) face greater or lesser hardships, at least outside Mogadishu (where security considerations are particularly grave,) will vary significantly depending on a number of factors;
(iii) For those whose home area is not Mogadishu, they will not in general be able to show a real risk of persecution or serious harm or ill treatment simply on the basis that they are a civilian or even a civilian internally displaced person (IDP) and from such and such a home area, albeit much will depend on the precise state of the background evidence relating to their home area at the date of decision or hearing;
(iv) As regards internal relocation, whether those whose home area is Mogadishu (or any other part of central and southernSomalia
) will be able to relocate in safety and without undue hardship will depend on the evidence as to the general circumstances in the relevant parts of central and southern
Somalia
and the personal circumstances of the applicant. Whether or not it is likely that relocation will mean that they have to live for a substantial period in an IDP camp, will be an important but not necessarily a decisive factor;
iv) As a result of the current conflict between the TFG/Ethiopians and the insurgents, the Sheikhal clan (including the Sheikhal Logobe), by virtue of the hostile attitude taken towards them by Al Shabab, is less able to secure protection for its members than previously, although both as regards their risk of persecution and serious harm and their protection much will depend on the particular circumstances of any individual clan member's case.
7. Where a particular route and method of return is implicit in an immigration decision it is within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to deal with issues of en route safety on return: see AG (Somalia
) [2006] EWCA Civ 1342. But in the context of Somali appeals currently, the method of return is far too uncertain and so any opinion the Tribunal expresses on such issues can only be given on an obiter basis.
The Appeals
Procedural History
Scope of the Appeals
Internal relocation
Safety of en route travel
"In cases where the route of return is known or is implicit in the decision which is subject to appeal, those issues may (probably) be considered by the AIT ..."
"51. It may be that there will exist cases where the appellant may be able to make good this deficiency even in the absence of removal directions, because the Secretary of State has committed himself through a policy statement or otherwise to a particular method and route of return. In such a case, it may be implicit in the decision to remove from the United Kingdom that a particular method and route would be adopted and, if so the safety of that method and route may be considered by the appellate tribunal as being part of and parcel of the "immigration decision" under section 82(1) [of the 2002 Act]. It would be open to an appellant to rely on ground (g) under section 84(1), just as he could if the Secretary of State had chosen to give removal directions as part of the immigration decision. Like Scott Baker LJ I take the view that the wording of section 84(1)(g) is wide enough to give the appellate tribunal jurisdiction to take into account the "en route" risks in such cases.
"... it is impossible for immigration judges in cases of this kind (involving the safety of arrival at an airport and of journey into Mogadishu) to deal with all the eventualities at the time of the hearing ..."
The Background evidence
The UN arms embargo againstSomalia
Evidence of Professor Chinkin
"The question I have been asked to address is whether requiring returnees toSomalia
to pre-arrange a paid militia to escort them from their place of arrival to an area of
Somalia
where they would likely to be safe because of their clan membership would incur violation of the arms embargo imposed by the UN Security Council (SC) against
Somalia
."
"both clarifies the definition of the arms embargo ('financing of all acquisitions and deliveries of weapons and military equipment') and extends its scope, spelling out that it covers indirect as well as direct action, and services as well as weapons and equipment, including financial assistance and training."
"In April 2008 the Monitoring Group noted that 'financing for arms purchases in violation of the embargo is facilitated by sanctionable activities'. It lists various funding sources including the payments that are demanded at roadblocks (UN Document. S/2008/274 para 187) ... In these circumstances it seems reasonable to assume that payments at roadblocks constitute 'indirect financial assistance' that facilitate purchase of arms and contributes to the supply chain. Further paying militia for escort services constitutes business and commercial activities and generates revenues and thus also constitutes indirect financial assistance for the making of such purchases ..."
"Any person who except under the authority of a licence granted by the Secretary of State under this article, directly or indirectly provides to any person inSomalia
any -
(a) technical advice;
(b) financial or other assistance; or
(c) training,
related to military activities shall be guilty of an offence under the Order, unless he proves that he did not know and had no reason to suppose that the technical advice, financial or other assistance or training in question was to be provided to a person inSomalia
."
"This indicates that attention is directed towards the form of conflict inSomalia
, including the holding of weapons by militia and supplements the argument relating to the specific mention of small arms in Resolution 1474..."
Our decision on the UN arms embargo issue
"In any view this ground is unsustainable but for another reason. Until such time as arrangements are made for the return of the appellant, it cannot be known whether there is even the possibility of a breach ..."
"In every case it is by comparing the conduct in fact engaged in by the state with the conduct legally proscribed by the international obligation that one can determine whether there has been a breach of that obligation. (Ibid, 125-6)."
"Reaffirms its previous resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and, security, and 1674 (2006) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and stresses the responsibility of all parties and armed groups inSomalia
to take appropriate steps to protect the civilian population in the country, consistent with international humanitarian law, human rights and refugee law, in particular the avoiding of any indiscriminate attacks on populated areas." (see also Resolution 1801, 20 February 2008)
"While the functions of armed escort groups could come within 'protective use' (Resolution 1356, para 3) there is no suggestion that their weapons are intended to be 'non-lethal' ...The exemption from the embargo on 'supplies and the technical assistance by States intended solely for the purpose of helping develop security sector institutions' emphasises the importance the SC places on the process of national security sector reform, not the continuation of multiple armed groups. Payment to armed militia does not come within the exemption and there has been no decision from the Sanctions Committee suggesting that it does."
Protection Issues and Armed Conflict
Refugee Protection
"…
(3) In a civil war situation, a person can only claim the protection of the Convention if he has a fear of persecution over and above that attaching to his involvement in, or with, the civil war and, further, that that persecution is for a Convention reason" (ibid, p. 598) (emphasis added).
"…what the members of each group may have is a well-founded fear not so much of persecution by other groups as of death or injury or loss of freedom due to the fighting between the groups. In such a situation the individual or group has to show a well-founded fear of persecution over and above the risk to life and liberty inherent in civil war."
(At p.713B Lord Lloyd of Berwick used the words "over and above the ordinary risks of clan warfare".)
"But I do not consider that this throws doubt on the Tribunal's conclusion that all sections of society in northernSomalia
are equally at risk so long as the civil war continues. There is no ground for differentiating between Mr Adan and the males of his own or any other clan."
"What then is the critical factor which distinguishes persecution from the ordinary incidents of civil war? Mr Blake sought to draw a distinction between the armed forces of either side, who would, he said, be governed by the rules of war, and the targeting of individual civilians or groups of civilians. I doubt, however, whether in the context of clan warfare inSomalia
, it is realistic to think in terms of rules of war, or the conventional distinction between civilians and members of the armed forces. Mr Adan's own evidence was that most of the population is armed."
"the responsibility of all parties and all armed groups inSomalia
to take appropriate steps to protect the civilian population in the country, consistent with international humanitarian law, human rights and refugee law, in particular by avoiding any indiscriminate attacks on populated areas."
Poor socio-economic conditions and refugee protection
"[T]he prevailing economic conditions in a society which are experienced either by all its members or a section of its members cannot amount to persecution for the purposes of the Refugee Convention. It is clear from a number of authorities that the purpose of the Refugee Convention is not to enable people to escape dire economic conditions, but to protect them from deliberate ill-treatment on Convention grounds."
Refugee Convention reason
Article 15(b) protection and Article 3 protection
Article 3 of the ECHR
"The evidence before the court concerning the background of the applicants, as well as the general situation, does not establish that their personal position was any worse than the generality of other members of the Tamil community or other young male Tamils who were returning to their country" (Emphasis added).
The ECHR and situations of armed conflict
"116. Exceptionally, however, in cases where an applicant alleges that he or she is a member of a group systematically exposed to a practice of ill-treatment, the Court has considered that the protection of Article 3 of the Convention enters into play when the applicant establishes that there are serious reasons to believe in the existence of the practice in question and his or her membership of the group concerned (see Saadi v. Italy, cited above, para 132). In those circumstances, the Court will not then insist that the applicant show the existence of further special distinguishing features if to do so would render illusory the protection offered by Article 3. This will be determined in light of the applicant's account and the information on the situation in the country of destination in respect of the group in question (see Salah Sheekh, cited above, para 148)." (Emphasis added)
Article 3 and poor socio-economic and humanitarian conditions
"acute pertinence of socio-economic and humanitarian considerations to the issue of forced returns of failed asylum seekers, such considerations do not necessarily have a bearing, and certainly not a decisive one, on the question of whether the persons concerned would face a real risk of ill-treatment contrary to Article 3" (paragraph 141).
Earlier in the same judgment, the skeleton also reminds us, the Court had said that "a general situation of violence will not normally in itself entail a violation of Article 3 in the event of expulsion" (paragraph 114).
"The Court has never excluded the possibility that a general situation of violence in a country … will be of a sufficient level of intensity to breach Article 3. Nevertheless the court would only adopt such an approach in the most extreme case of general violence, where there was a real risk of ill-treatment simply by virtue of an individual being exposed to such violence on return."
Article 15(c)
"This represents a significant distinction between Geneva Convention common Article 3(1)(a) which talks of 'violence to life and person' and [Article 15(c)] which talks of 'threat to…life or person by reason of…violence'. By way of example, indiscriminate shelling of a civilian neighbourhood may cause death and wounding to civilians. Those deaths and woundings would plainly be 'by reason of' the indiscriminate violence. Equally, it is submitted, if in consequence of that violence, the surviving civilian population was displaced to a region in which it was likely to die of starvation and disease, those consequences would also be 'by reason of' the indiscriminate violence…"
Advocate General's Opinion in Elgafaji
Points of accord
"Community provisions, irrespective of which provisions are concerned, are given an independent interpretation which cannot therefore vary according to and/or be dependent on developments in the case law of the ECtHR".
".. the more the person is individually affected (for example, by reason of his membership of a given social group), the less it will be necessary to show that he faces indiscriminate violence in his country or a part of the territory which is so serious that there is a serious risk that he will be a victim of it himself. Likewise, the less the person is able to show that he is individually affected, the more the violence must be serious and indiscriminate for him to be eligible for the subsidiary protection claimed."
Points of possible discord
"…However, the burden of proof will be greater in respect of demonstrating indiscriminate violence, which must be generalised (in the sense of non-discriminatory) and so serious that it raises a strong presumption that the person in question is the target of that violence."
OUR ASSESSMENT: General
Historic validity of HH
HH now
Armed Conflict
"Such indicative factors include the existence of a command structure and disciplinary rules and mechanisms within the group, the existence of headquarters, the fact that the group controls a certain territory, the ability of the group to gain access to weapons, other military equipments, recruits, and military training, its ability to plan, co-ordinate and carry out military operations, including troop moments and logistics; its ability to define a unified military strategy and use military tactics, its ability to speak with one voice and negotiate and conclude agreements such as a ceasefire or peace accords."
"remnants of the ICU, supporters of the ARS, and radical Shabab youth militia. They also include clan, sub-clan and local political leaders and militias who have acted as bandits, perpetrating raids, robberies and other abuses against civilians, including rape and other forms of sexual violence…"
"number, duration and intensity of individual confrontations; the type of weapons and their military equipment used; the number and calibre of munitions fired; the number of persons and type of forces partaking in the fighting; the number of casualties, the extent of material destruction; and the number of civilians fleeing conflict zones. The involvement of the UN Security Council may also be a reflection of the intensity of conflict". (para 49)
Geographical Scope of Armed Conflict
Intensity of the Violence
"indiscriminate bombardment of civilian areas; indiscriminate use of roadside bombs and mortars from and in civilian areas; indiscriminate shooting in response to road side bombs; arbitrary arrest and detention of civilians, including children; forced evictions; forced recruitment, including of children; sexual and gender based violence; intimidation and assassination of journalists, aid workers and civilian officials; and extrajudicial killings. "
Deterioration in the Humanitarian Situation and IDPs
"never been so many people inSomalia
in such dire humanitarian circumstances and there has never been such limited ability to support them, mainly because of precarious security conditions."
Conclusions
"…it is possible that a returnee from abroad may also face a real risk of serious harm by virtue of being a returnee, although the level of this risk is difficult to assess and would depend on case [sic]. Although I would caution against awarding refugee status simply because of being a returnee, several factors, when combined would add other considerations in an applicant's asylum claim. As mentioned above, there has been a dramatic increase in criminality in Mogadishu, and persons perceived as wealthy are attractive targets for robbery or abduction – returnees would certainly attract attention and be assumed to have money. If the individual has been outside ofSomalia
for a significant period of time, he or she will not possess the knowledge and experience necessary to be able to manage and avoid risk in the current situation. Al Shabab cells are likely to investigate any newcomer to their areas to determine whether the individual is connected with the TFG or otherwise opposed to them…"
Clan Matrix and Loyalties
"The Tribunal should now find a reasonable likelihood that in general, membership of a particular clan does not by itself protect an individual from serious harm."
Minority clans and groupings
Sheikhal Logobe
"13. These issues were considered by the Tribunal in Mohammed [promulgated on the 29 November 2002]. That Tribunal had before it the Minorities Report and evidence from Dr Luling. Paragraph 19 of that determination reads as follows:
"The Shekhal are not one but several groups not necessarily related and with different cultures and dialects. The word is simply the plural of Sheikh and signifies the lineage who have an inherited religious status. They all trace descent from the same ancestor Sheikh Faqi Cumar who travelled aroundSomalia
and married wives in each location.
The Shekhal of Jasira and Gandhershe are ethnically distinct from other groups such as the Shekhal Loboge. Jasira and Gandhershe are both places on the coast between Mogadishu and Merce. Shekhal in that area belong to the light skinned Benadiri population of Arab descent who are found along the coast, like the Bravenese and the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu."
14. Having reviewed all the evidence before it, the Tribunal concluded that the Shekhal Gandhershe and the Shekhal Jasira were minority groups which were not protected by the Hawiye. The respondent had failed to make an important distinction between the Shekhal Gandhershe and the Shekhal Jasira on the one hand and the Shekhal Loboge on the other. The latter group were protected by the Hawiye. The Shekhal were not one discrete sub-clan but were distinct and separate groups and as such ethnically distinct from the majority of the Somalis. The Tribunal found that members of the Shekhal Gandhershe were a minority group then at risk if returned toSomalia
. It went on to find that a member of the Shekhal Gandhershe clan would be considered to be a Benadiri and as such among the groups recognised by the Home Office as qualifying for refugee status. On that basis the appeal was allowed."
"The whole of the Sheikhal/Logobe clan is believed by Al Shabab to be supporters of the TFG because of my part in the formation and support for the TFG. …There is also a group of the UIC called Alislah and founders of this group are Sheikhal. Al Shabab sees Alislah as a threat to them and people associated to them…The Sheikhal Logobe are mostly now in Dabaab Refugee Camp or Haragdhere Refugee camp…"
Mogadishu
"The AU military response to opposition attacks on its forces – by mortaring markets in Mogadishu (essentially following the Ethiopian/TFG practice of random murder as a collective punishment response) – has now made the AU 'peacekeeping' intervention a complete anathema to all Somalis from all clans as part of any proposed political solution that Western and UN interests continue to aspire to."
The COIS at D.7-D8 details that:
"One of the main security incidents in Mogadishu in August 2008 was the 15 August 2008 bus massacres. The TFG/Ethiopian forces opened fire in a retaliatory attack on two buses outside Mogadishu, which left over 40 civilians dead. On the same day 56 people were killed and 80 wounded in incidents in and around Mogadishu.
IRIN reported that schools are currently closed in Mogadishu, because they have been targeted in the latest fighting in the city. Ninety percent of schools are affected. The targeting of schools is reported to be "unprecedented" in the past eighteen years' conflicts".
"the incessant level of harassment and intimidation by all militarised actors in the city is making living conditions for the civil population intolerable".
Jowhar
Internal relocation
"The decision-maker, taking account of all relevant circumstances pertaining to the claimant and his country of origin, must decide whether it is reasonable to expect the claimant to relocate or whether it would be unduly harsh to expect him to do so…There is…a spectrum of cases. The decision-maker must do his best to decide, on such material as is available, where on the spectrum the particular falls…All must depend on a fair assessment of the relevant facts". (Lord Bingham at para 5, citing from himself in Januzi [2006] UKHL 5).
"although the test of 'reasonableness' is a stringent one – whether it would be 'unduly harsh' to expect the claimant to return – it is not to be equated with a real risk that the claimant would be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment so serious as to meet the high threshold set by Art 3 of the European Convention…" (Baroness Hale, para 22)
Safety of en route travel from Mogadishu International airport
Roadblocks and Checkpoints in and around Mogadishu
"On arrival in Mogadishu last year [December 2006], the TFG has attempted to enforce the disarmament of the militias in Mogadishu. Consequently, anyone carrying arms in Mogadishu, including a protective militia escort, who is not part of the TFG, Ethiopian or African Union forces could be perceived as an insurgent and targeted by the TFG or Ethiopians, if travelling through the few areas they control. At the same time, the TFG has failed to create a secure environment in which engagement of an armed escort is not necessary to achieve some degree of persons safety."
Hammar Jahid
En route travel from Mogadishu airport to Jowhar and other locations
Jowhar
Refugee Convention reasons
OUR ASSESSMENT: AMI
OUR ASSESSMENT: AM2
Internal relocation
The appeal of AMI is dismissed on asylum, humanitarian protection and human rights grounds.
The appeal of AM2 is allowed on asylum and human rights grounds.
Signed Date
Senior Immigration Judge Storey
Annex 1: decision as to material error of law in the case of AM1 by SIJ Storey dated 4 August 2008
"The appellant is a national ofSomalia
. In a determination notified on 18 February 2008 Immigration Judge D N Harris dismissed his appeal against a decision dated 10 November 2007 to remove him as an illegal entrant. The immigration judge made adverse credibility findings.
The grounds do not challenge the immigration judge's findings of fact in relation to the appellant's history. They focus rather on the immigration judge's approach to the issue of whether or not the appellant was eligible for humanitarian protection under 339C(iv)/Article 15(c) of the Refugee Qualification Directive.
I consider that the grounds are correct in stating that the judge materially erred in law in his approach to the issue of eligibility under para 339C(iv)/Article 15(c). The determination fails to give reasons for the conclusion that the appellant could not demonstrate eligibility for humanitarian protection because there is not an armed conflict in southernSomalia
.
The immigration judge's error was compounded by the fact that he appeared to see the issue of whether or not the appellant could or could not show under 339C(iv)/15(c) a "serious and individual threat" as hinging in part on whether "… he would be particularly at risk …on making the journey from Mogadishu to his home town". However, the Court of Appeal in AG (Somalia
) has held that the issue of internal safety was not one which should form part of the assessment of risk on return.
Manifestly, these errors had a possible bearing on the outcome of the appellant's appeal.
Since the IJ decided this case the Tribunal has reported two cases dealing with Article 15(c), HH and others and KH (Iraq). The former gives specific guidance on the application of 15 (c) in the context ofSomalia
and that guidance is endorsed by KH (Iraq) except in one respect relating to threats from criminal violence.
At the resumed hearing it is highly unlikely there will be any need to re-open the issue of whether or not there is an internal armed conflict in southernSomalia
within the meaning of para 339C(iv)/Article 15(c). There is. The focus will need to be on the remaining requirements of this provision. Whilst on the strength of HH and others the appellant is unlikely to be able to succeed in showing a serious and individual threat, he is at least entitled to have his particular circumstances considered on the basis of the correct legal tests and it will be open to the parties, of course, to adduce fresh evidence as to whether more recent developments in
Somalia
require a different view being taken as regards Article 15(c).
I would re-emphasise, however, that there has been no challenge to the immigration judge's findings of fact in relation to the appellant's past experiences and those findings must be preserved."
Annex 2: decision as to material error of law in the case of AM2 by SIJ Jordan, 23 January 2008
"1. This is an oral determination, I am satisfied that the Immigration Judge made a material error of law as identified in paragraph 5 of the grounds of application settled by the appellant's Counsel. This concerns the Immigration Judge's handling of the risks that the appellant faces immediately on arrival at Mogadishu International Airport and the journey to Mogadishu where the Immigration Judge found members of his family were living.
2. It was submitted in paragraph 40 of the skeleton argument that the Home Office COIS report referred to a mission which had been sent to Mogadishu in 2007 and a report published in May 2007 which suggested there was a substantially changed situation for those returning. In the grounds of application specific reference is made to the European Commission Delegation and the results of interviews that were conducted dealing with the area between the airport and Mogadishu City and the circumstances in which an appellant might travel with sufficient safety to the centre of Mogadishu. In my judgment the Immigration Judge did not deal with this element of the case.
3. It was argued on behalf of the Secretary of State that this was not a material omission because the report of the information gathering mission of April 2007 was only concerned with single returnees and was not concerned with the situation of those who had got appropriate military or armed assistance as the Immigration Judge found the appellant would have.
4. In my view, whilst there may well be differences between the position of a sole returnee unprotected by any militia and somebody who may be able to return to support to assist in his relocation to Mogadishu, I am not satisfied that the background material to which I have been referred suggests that there is a clear-cut means by which those who have got militia support are able to leave the airport. It seems to me that this is an issue which will have to be reconsidered by the Tribunal.
5. I am conscious of the fact that the decision principally relied on by the Immigration Judge, NM [2005] UKIAT 00076, offered guidance in relation to the circumstances as they existed in 2005 and this is a swiftly changing situation. It may well therefore be that the guidance offered is somewhat out of date and should be revisited. This, in my judgment, is sufficient to merit the second stage reconsideration.
6. The grounds of application also contain a number of other grounds to which I should briefly refer. In paragraph 8 of the grounds it is asserted that the Immigration Judge failed to deal with the question of humanitarian protection by reference to paragraph 339C(iv) of the Immigration Rules HC 395. This now contains a definition of serious harm which includes the serious and individual threat to a civilian's life or person by means of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict. I am aware of the fact that the Tribunal will, in a relatively short time, be issuing guidance on the proper interpretation of the Immigration Rules which will have a bearing not simply on the conditions in Iraq, to which I understand the case immediately applies, but also in relation to other areas of conflict upon the globe. It seems to me, therefore, that it is not possible for me to make any sustainable findings on what is the meaning of this difficult expression until the Tribunal has issued its guidance.
7. In these circumstances, the appropriate route is merely to say that I am unable and do not make any findings on this part of the grounds of appeal and these will have to be argued at the second stage of the reconsideration which will occur in due course.
8. In addition, it is said in paragraph 6 of the grounds of application that the Immigration Judge was wrong in law in failing to recognise the fact that in using the help of armed militia the appellant will be complicit in breaches of resolutions put forward by the UN Security Council made under the provisions of the UN Charter. I was asked by Mr Toal not to make any findings on this element of the claim. I am, however, prepared to say that the questions raised in AG v SSHD [2006] EWCA Civ 1342 do not obviously apply to a case such as the appellant's. In AG v SSHD the Court of Appeal decided that where the Secretary of State had not decided the travel arrangements he intended to adopt for the return of an appellant, it was not possible to make any findings upon the consequences of those travel arrangements and the associated travel risks. The risks could only be identified when specific plans for removal and return had been made and notified to the appellant. That decision would give rise to an appeal or review by the Administrative Court on conventional grounds of irrationality or illegality. In my judgment that cannot apply in relation to the appellant's case because there is no dispute that the appellant will be returned to Mogadishu International Airport and will then have to make his way to Mogadishu itself.
9. My decision is in line with the decision in AG v SSHD [2006] EWCA Civ 1342 and the practical good sense of making findings on risk on return which are not hypothetical and which might be of assistance in formulating specific travel arrangements. Hooper LJ said as much in the following passages:
29….I disagree with the proposition that the AIT is never obliged to consider whether there is a real risk of persecution or Article 3 ill-treatment at the airport or on the way home. As to "guess work", the AIT cannot just throw up its hands and not deal with relevant issues.
123. Although Mr Jay is critical of NM in the light of GH, it seems to me that in a Country Guidance case it may well be helpful for all concerned to know the dangers inherent in a method of return that is likely to be used, if known. Those dangers can then inform the SSHD when (or if) removal directions are made.
For these reasons I consider that the Tribunal in due course is required to grapple with the issue of the travel risks associated with the appellant.
10. One of the other issues which is raised in paragraph 6 of the grounds of application concerns the question of whether the funding of armed militia is in breach of the United Nations resolutions. This issue may well be determined by reference to whether the actions of the individual by taking steps to protect himself are lawful acts of self protection or self defence or whether they go to assisting in financing or helping militias in circumstances which violate the embargos made by the United Nations resolutions. In my judgment it cannot seriously be stated that an individual who merely takes steps to protect himself will violate any United Nations resolutions. In other words it is, in my judgment, inconceivable that ordinary acts of self defence will be covered by the United Nations embargo. However, it is clear that in the circumstances of any individual case it might be that the procurement of militiamen to assist in the relocation of an individual from the International Airport to a safe haven will go beyond lawful self-help and will constitute a violation of the embargo but that will depend on the individual circumstances of a case. This ground was raised in AG v SSHD [2006] EWCA Civ 1342 and dismissed as unsustainable by Hooper LJ in paragraph 35 of the Court's judgment.
11. In paragraph 2 of the grounds of application (which was not otherwise pursued by Mr Toal), it is said that the Immigration Judge's adverse credibility findings were erroneous. It seems to me that the Immigration Judge's findings in paragraphs 22 and 23 were properly open to the Immigration Judge and do not amount to a material error of law. In paragraph 22 the Immigration Judge recorded the fact that the appellant claimed that his brother was shot dead in 1999 and his father in 2001 by the USC armed militia. This followed the account that the appellant had given in his statement, paragraphs 5 and 6, in which the appellant said,
"5. On account of my age I do not remember the exact dates of many incidents I have described. I do remember that my brother Jamal was killed in 1999 this was a major incident and I was a little older then. He was shot dead by the USC, I was at home at the time, he went out one day and he was shot dead. I do not know why he was killed.
6. My father was shot dead in 2001 by the USC near the restaurant he worked at. For some reason the militia killed him but I do not know why".
12. The Immigration Judge in dealing with this part of the evidence said in paragraph 22,
"There is no credible evidence that they were targeted because of their clan membership. The appellant has given very little information with regard to the circumstances of their deaths. The appellant's family were able to retain their home until it was sold. The appellant claims that the militia may not have forcibly taken the house because they would not have been able to maintain legal ownership of it. I find that if the appellant and his family were deemed to be minority clan members without any majority support it is highly unlikely that they would have been able to retain their home in what Mr Toal has described as a no go area and a very dangerous part of Mogadishu according to the reporting of the information gathering mission in April 2007. I find that the militia could well have forced the appellant's mother to sign over the legal deeds of the property if they wanted legal ownership of the property in order to sell it on."
13. It seems to me that the Immigration Judge was here finding that if the appellant's account that he and his family were able to conduct an orderly sale of the family home, this could not have happened if they were minority clan members. This pointed to the fact that the appellant and his family had sufficient protection within the community to avoid the deprivation of their property by majority clan members or militias supporting them. There is nothing in my judgment which is irrational or perverse in that finding and there is nothing that amounts to improper speculation about the exercise in which the Immigration Judge engaged.
14. Dealing with paragraph 3 of the grounds of application, it is submitted that the Immigration Judge erred in law in his findings of fact. This is a specific reference to the judge's findings in paragraphs 34 and 35 of the determination. In paragraph 34 of the determination the Immigration Judge found that the appellant could make appropriate arrangements to be received at Mogadishu Airport by clan members and also with an armed escort. He found that the appellant was in contact with his mother and brother and indeed with clan members with whom they are staying. He found, therefore, the appellant did have what he described as clan protection in Mogadishu. Similarly, in paragraph 35 of the determination he found that the appellant could take the opportunity to arrange to be met at Mogadishu Airport by his family and clan members together with an armed escort to enable him to safely travel from the airport to his home area. He found that the appellant was able to access clan protection in his home area in Mogadishu.
15. These findings carry on from the Immigration Judge's analysis of the evidence in relation to those issues. It was always the case of the Secretary of State that the appellant was able to access support and assistance. In the refusal letter referred to in paragraph 4 of the determination the respondent's decision is set out. AsSomalia
is one of the poorest countries in the world, the Secretary of State found it highly unlikely that the appellant's mother would have been able to raise sufficient funds to pay both for his release and for his journey out of the country unless she was able to access resources and protection. The respondent also noted that if the appellant's mother had been able to raise money she would have used it to move all the family to a nearer safe country rather than just the appellant to the United Kingdom.
16. It seems to me that these issues which were not directly addressed by the Immigration Judge were relevant for two purposes. First, they were an indication as to whether or not the appellant was a member of a minority clan, it being clear that minority clan members are at risk of arbitrary seizure of their possessions by majority clan members; and secondly, it was indicative of a person with sufficient wealth to make effective arrangements to afford the appellant protection on return. Those who have used their wealth to effect departure are at least liable to be deemed capable of using their wealth to affect a safe return. In the present case the Immigration Judge made significant findings about the circumstances in which the appellant left his mother and brother in Mogadishu. The appellant had stated that he last spoke to his mother at the end of 2006 when he said she was living in Mogadishu in the accommodation to which they had moved for a period of seven or eight months. He said that the clan members with whom the family were staying were attacked on a number of occasions but there were no valuables in the house and the looters just took other items. There were shouts but no one was hurt. In these circumstances it was open to the Immigration Judge to find that the circumstances of the appellant, his mother and brother did not amount to being at serious risk.
17. He made specific findings in relation to the contact that he had been able to maintain with his mother. In paragraph 25 of the determination he said that he did not find it credible that the appellant would not make arrangements to remain in contact with his mother after he had travelled to the United Kingdom and that he had made no effort to trace his mother since arriving in the United Kingdom. In those circumstances he found that the reasons for his doing this was that he knew exactly where his mother and brother were staying and how they could be reached. He found at paragraph 26 that the appellant's mother and brother were still in Mogadishu living with clan members where the appellant left them. He found that the appellant had not sought to find his mother and brother because he already knew full well where they were actually living. It seems to me that, by implication, the Immigration Judge was also finding that they were living in circumstances of sufficient safety for the appellant not to wish to reveal this fact to the Immigration Judge.
18. In these circumstances, the Immigration Judge made sustainable findings that the appellant and brother were living in sufficient safety to avoid the immediate risk of serious harm. Although it has been submitted that this was not the case, the Immigration Judge found in paragraph 31 that it was clear that there are clan members willing and able to look after the appellant's mother and brother and indeed the appellant, when he was there for about seven or eight months living with them. He found that the appellant's mother and brother continued to live with clan members in Mogadishu and that the appellant left his family inSomalia
in the knowledge that, in the absence of his father, they had the protection of clan members with whom they were living. In my judgment those findings were sustainable. They cannot be classified as perverse and it may therefore be that the Immigration Judge was not making any global findings that the appellant had clan protection in a general sense; all that he was finding was that, in circumstances which the appellant had failed properly to reveal, the appellant's mother and brother had managed to effect safety mechanisms in Mogadishu which enabled them to continue their life without being at risk. That obviously involved individuals who were either relatives or members of the same clan affording them with protection. Whether that situation is the same as saying that the appellant has general clan protection in Mogadishu is not important. It seems to me, however, the important issue is that they were able to access protection in the circumstances in which they found themselves in Mogadishu and it was on that basis that he found that protection was also available to him on return.
19. For these reasons I reject the criticisms which are made in the grounds of application that his findings on risk in Mogadishu were perverse or illogical. This leaves open, however, the real issue in this appeal and that is whether the appellant is able to access protection in the circumstances in which he finds himself on return to Mogadishu International Airport. In that event he will not be returning simply as an unidentified individual, he will be returning as a member of the Sheikhal clan. This is a clan which is not consistently dealt with in the background information. It will be open to the appellant to deal with whether members of the Sheikhal clan in general (as well as the appellant in particular) have any specific or different protection needs."
Appendix: BACKGROUND MATERIALS
1 | FCO Africa Research Analyst comment on 'COI Project ![]() ![]() |
|
2 | Somali passport of CA | |
3 | Certificate of participation of CA | |
4 | Article on peace talks with CA photographed | |
5 | ID card of CA in respect of Somali National Reconciliation Conference | |
6 | US Citizenship and immigration Services website - Information on Temporary Protected Status | |
7 | Rebuilding ![]() ![]() |
|
8 | Human Rights Watch Report | |
9 | Witness statement of Consultant to EU and UN projects in ![]() ![]() |
|
10 | OCHA: South/Central ![]() ![]() |
|
11 | OCHA: Protection | |
12 | ![]() ![]() |
|
13 | UN Security Council Resolutions on ![]() ![]() |
|
14 | September 2000 | Danish Immigration Service: Report on minority groups in ![]() ![]() |
15 | 07/05/2002 | UNHCR Guidelines on Particular Social Group |
16 | 25/07/2002 | Report on political, security and human rights developments in southern and central ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
17 | 01/08/2002 | UNCU/OCHA: A study on minorities in ![]() ![]() |
18 | 13/03/2003 | 29-AR54 |
19 | 21/07/2003 | Letter to CA |
20 | Circa 2004 | A Situational Analysis of Child trafficking in East Africa |
21 | 21/01/2004 | UNHCR - Advisory on the return of Somali nationals to ![]() ![]() |
22 | 08/03/2004 | Judgment of Master Whitaker in Zahra Abdullah and other v Abdullahi Yusuf (HQ02X03221) |
23 | 17/03/2004 | Human rights and security in central and southern ![]() ![]() |
24 | 20/09/2004 | Swiss Refugee Council: ![]() ![]() |
25 | 22/11/2004 | Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs - General country report - ![]() ![]() |
26 | 13/03/2005 | Judgment of Treacy J in Zahra Abdullah and other v Abdullahi Yusuf [2005] EWHC 737 (QB) |
27 | 16/03/2005 | Final order in Zahra Abdullah and other v Abdullahi Yusuf |
28 | 02/11/2005 | UNHCR - Advisory on the return of Somali nationals to ![]() ![]() |
29 | 15/01/2006 | African Security Review: An analysis and comparison of armed groups in ![]() ![]() |
30 | 08/03/2006 | Ethiopia Landmine Monitor Report 2006 |
31 | 19/05/2006 | OCHA: Fact Sheet May 2006 |
32 | 27/07/2006 | US Citizenship & Immigration Services - DHS Extends temporary protective status for ![]() ![]() |
33 | November 2006 | Gundel, G. The predicament of the 'Oday', Final report |
34 | 22/11/2006 | Report of the UN Monitoring Group on ![]() ![]() |
35 | 29/12/2006 | World Security Network |
36 | 20/01/2007 | ICG: ![]() ![]() |
37 | 24/01/2007 | AFP: ![]() ![]() |
38 | 31/01/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
39 | February 2007 | UN Humanitarian situation in ![]() ![]() |
40 | 19/02/2007 | ![]() ![]() |
41 | 21/02/2007 | UPI: Vigilantes hired to help secure Mogadishu |
42 | 22/02/2007 | Reuters: Mortars hit Mogadishu airport in latest strike |
43 | 12/03/2007 | ![]() ![]() |
44 | 12/03/2007 | United Nations Refugee Agency: ![]() ![]() |
45 | 14/03/2007 | Hiraan Online: Somali woman says soldiers raped her |
46 | 23/03/2007 | Aviation Safety Network |
47 | 30/03/2007 | Human Rights Watch: People fleeing ![]() ![]() |
48 | 31/03/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
49 | United Nations: Humanitarian Situation in ![]() ![]() |
|
50 | 01/04/2007 | Crisis Watch monthly bulletin |
51 | 01/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Fighting rages in Mogadishu, peacekeeper killed |
52 | 01/04/2007 | OCHA Regional Office for Central and East Asia - Humanitarian Newsmaker - April 2007 |
53 | 02/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Guns silent in Mogadishu, hundreds thought dead |
54 | 02/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: ![]() ![]() |
55 | 02/04/2007 | OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
56 | 02/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Hundreds more Ethiopian troops enter Somali capital |
57 | 02/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Mogadishu exodus grows, but no respite for refugees |
58 | 02/04/2007 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
59 | 02/04/2007 | The Christian Science Monitor: Truce aims to stem ![]() ![]() |
60 | 03/04/2007 | United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: High Commissioner urges protection of civilians in Mogadishu |
61 | 03/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: ![]() ![]() |
62 | 03/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: ![]() ![]() |
63 | 03/04/2007 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
64 | 03/04/2007 | European Union: EU High Representative Javier Solana and Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid Louis Michel appeal to all Somali parties to cease hostilities immediately |
65 | 03/04/2007 | United States Department of State: Meeting of the International Contact Group on ![]() ![]() |
66 | 03/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: ![]() ![]() |
67 | 03/04/2007 | IRIN: Kenya-![]() ![]() |
68 | 04/04/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
69 | 04/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: ![]() ![]() |
70 | 04/04/2007 | United Nations News Service: UN envoy cautions against forced disarmament before ![]() ![]() |
71 | 05/04/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
72 | 07/04/2007 | Government of the United States of America: Assistant Secretary Frazer visits Baidoa |
73 | 07/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: In ![]() ![]() |
74 | 08/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: About 124,000 people flee fighting in Somali capital: UN |
75 | 10/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: More than 1,000 killed in Mogadishu clashes: elders |
76 | 10/04/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
77 | 10/04/2007 | United Nations News Service: Nearly three dozen more refugees drown in doomed bid to reach Yemen – UN |
78 | 11/04/2007 | Medecins Sans Frontieres: MSF is responding to cholera outbreaks in ![]() ![]() |
79 | 11/04/2007 | Yemen Times: Somali war causes more exodus to Yemen |
80 | 11/04/2007 | Medecins Sans Frontieres: MSF is responding to cholera outbreaks in ![]() ![]() |
81 | 12/04/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
82 | 12/04/2007 | OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
83 | 12/04/2007 | International Committee of the Red Cross: ![]() ![]() |
84 | 13/04/2007 | UNHCR: UNHCR trucks 28 tonnes of aid to displaced people in ![]() ![]() |
85 | 18/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Fighting in Mogadishu kills at least seven |
86 | 19/04/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
87 | 19/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: UN ![]() ![]() |
88 | 19/04/2007 | UNHCR: UNHCR sends aid from Kenya to Somali town struggling with IDPs and disease |
89 | 20/04/2007 | SOS-Kinderdorf International: Shells land in compound of SOS Children's Village Mogadishu |
90 | 20/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Somali deaths mount, refugee exodus grows |
91 | 20/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Latest Mogadishu violence kills 21 people |
92 | 23/04/2007 | UNHCR: Thousands of desperate Somalis fleeing Mogadishu as aid agencies struggle to meet needs |
93 | 24/04/2007 | World Vision: Women, children fleeing Mogadishu clashes face high risk of disease, trauma, rape |
94 | 24/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Analysis: ![]() ![]() |
95 | 24/04/2007 | UNHCR: Gulf of Aden: More drowned by smugglers, others die of asphyxia and dehydration |
96 | 24/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: 65 die in ![]() ![]() |
97 | 24/04/2007 | International Committee of the Red Cross: ![]() ![]() |
98 | 25/04/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
99 | 25/04/2007 | UNHCR: Small Somali town struggling to cope with tens of thousands of people displaced by fighting in nearby Mogadishu |
100 | 26/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Somali PM declares gains in Mogadishu war |
101 | 26/04/2007 | Reuters Foundation: All sides flouting humanitarian law in ![]() ![]() |
102 | 27/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: US and UN slam Somali government's treatment of relief agencies: report |
103 | 27/04/2007 | United Nations Children's Fund: UNICEF condemns shelling of Mogadishu hospital and calls for full access for humanitarian aid to displaced families |
104 | 27/04/2007 | Trocaire: Impending humanitarian disaster in ![]() ![]() |
105 | 27/04/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
106 | ![]() ![]() |
|
107 | 30/04/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
108 | 30/04/2007 | United Nations Security Council: Security Council expresses grave concern at renewed fighting in ![]() ![]() |
109 | 30/04/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Renegade Somali leaders vow deeper insurgency |
110 | 30/04/2007 | United Nations News Service: UN Security Council deplores rising civilian deaths in ![]() ![]() |
111 | 01/05/2007 | Crisis Watch Monthly Bulletin |
112 | 07/05/2007 | Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in ![]() ![]() |
113 | 10/05/2007 | OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
114 | 10/05/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Two foreign aid workers kidnapped in ![]() ![]() |
115 | 10/05/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
116 | 14/05/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Aid not reaching most Somali war afflicted – UN |
117 | 15/05/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Gunmen attack UN health office in Mogadishu |
118 | 17/05/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
119 | 18/05/2007 | Danish Refugee Council UNHCR Branch Office ![]() ![]() |
120 | 18/05/2007 | Danish Refugee Council: Report on Profiling of IDPs - Mogadishu |
121 | 19/05/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Ethiopia says 1,000 insurgents killed in Mogadishu clashes |
122 | 23/05/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
123 | 25/05/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
124 | 28/05/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Grenades thrown at Ethiopian troops in ![]() ![]() |
125 | 29/05/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Somali court officer gunned down in Mogadishu |
126 | 30/05/2007 | Reuters Foundation: At least four dead in ![]() ![]() |
127 | 31/05/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
128 | 01/06/2007 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
129 | 04/06/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Seven dead in Mogadishu attacks |
130 | 04/06/2007 | Center for Strategic and International Studies: Fading hopes for ![]() ![]() |
131 | 05/06/2007 | European Parliament: Ethiopian Government's Stance on Human Rights Attacked |
132 | 12/06/2007 | US Department of State – Trafficking in Persons Report |
133 | 14/06/2007 | United Nations Security Council: Security Council gravely concerned by recent extremist attacks in ![]() ![]() |
134 | 14/06/2007 | Voice of America: Somalis sceptical of peace 'under occupation' |
135 | 15/06/2007 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: At least nine people slain in ![]() ![]() |
136 | 15/06/2007 | Food Security Analysis Unit: ![]() ![]() |
137 | 15/06/2007 | OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
138 | 17/06/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Somali grenade attack prompts curfew |
139 | 18/06/2007 | HJT Research: Ogaden Residents Say They Are Being Brutalised by Ethiopian Soldiers |
140 | 18/06/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Blast strikes Mogadishu |
141 | 18/06/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
142 | 18-25/06/2007 | World Health Organisation: Health Action in Crises |
143 | 20/06/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
144 | 20/06/2007 | Reuters Foundation: 8 killed in ![]() ![]() |
145 | 21/06/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Somali authorities impose curfew as killings mount |
146 | 22/06/2007 | USAID – ![]() ![]() |
147 | 22/06/2007 | OCHA: Protection of civilians in armed conflict – UN Security Council briefing by Emergency Relief Coordinator John Holmes |
148 | 22/06/2007 | United Nations World Food Programme: WFP appeals to Kenyan authorities to allow food into ![]() ![]() |
149 | 25/06/2007 | Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in ![]() ![]() |
150 | 25/06/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Somali solider fires at crowd seeking food, 3 killed |
151 | 26/06/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
152 | 27/06/2007 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
153 | 28/06/2007 | International Medical Corps: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
154 | 28/06/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Doctor with US charity shot dead in ![]() ![]() |
155 | 30/06/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
156 | July 2007 | UN Humanitarian situation in ![]() ![]() |
157 | 04/07/2007 | Human Rights Watch: Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians |
158 | 05/07/2007 | Ethiopia: Ogaden Crackdown Carries High Human Cost |
159 | 06/07/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
160 | 08/07/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Somali troops shoot sesven civilians in Somali capital |
161 | 12/07/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Six die in fresh Mogadishu violence – residents |
162 | 13/07/2007 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: Roundup: Attacks plague Somali capital ahead of peace meeting |
163 | 13/07/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Factbox – ![]() ![]() |
164 | 15/07/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Somali peace talks adjourned after mortar attack |
165 | 16/07/2007 | Ogaden Online: The World's Heart Beats in Ogaden |
166 | 16/07/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Violence flares day after Somali peace meeting |
167 | 18/07/2007 | Agence France-Presse: UN opens new Somali refugee camp in Ethiopia |
168 | 18/07/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Deadly Mogadishu blasts overshadow peace talks |
169 | 19/07/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Fighting erupts before Somali reconciliation talks |
170 | 19/07/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
171 | 20/07/2007 | UKBA – Report of Fact Finding Mission 11-15 June 2007 - ![]() ![]() |
172 | 23/07/2007 | OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
173 | 23/07/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
174 | 24/07/2007 | United Nations Department of Public Information: Press conference by Emergency Relief Coordinator on humanitarian crises in Africa, Middle East |
175 | 24/07/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Battles around peace talks send Somalis fleeing again |
176 | 26/07/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Eritrea sending missiles, arms to ![]() ![]() |
177 | 29/07/2007 | BIA - Nationality, routing and documentation aid valid from 29th July 2007 |
178 | 31/07/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
179 | 31/07/2007 | Forced Migration Review, University of Oxford: Emergency within an emergency: Somali IDPs |
180 | FAST Update: ![]() ![]() |
|
181 | 01/08/2007 | Reuters Foundation: U.N. says Mogadishu violence scaring returnees |
182 | August 2007 | Danish Refugee Council: Human rights and security in central and southern ![]() ![]() |
183 | 03/08/2007 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
184 | 03/08/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
185 | 03/08/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
186 | 06/08/2007 | Xinhua News Agency: Roundup: Mogadishu violence continues as renewed exodus spills over to distant town |
187 | 09/08/2007 | Barnes, Dr. C (SOAS): European CIO Seminar Country Report - ![]() ![]() |
188 | 10/08/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
189 | 12/08/2007 | OCHA: UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for ![]() ![]() |
190 | 12/08/2007 | Human Rights Watch: Shell-Shocked, Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu |
191 | 13/08/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
192 | 13/08/2007 | Human Rights Watch: ![]() ![]() |
193 | 14/08/2007 | Food Security Analysis Unit ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
194 | 14/08/2007 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: Violent day of fighting leaves at least 30 dead in ![]() ![]() |
195 | 15/08/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
196 | 15/08/2007 | The Christian Science Monitor: UN faces calls for action in ![]() ![]() |
197 | 15/08/2007 | Xinhua News Agency: About 1.5 million need humanitarian assistance in ![]() ![]() |
198 | 17/08/2007 | OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
199 | 17/08/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
200 | 20/08/2007 | SOS-Kinderdorf International: Mortar shell hits SOS Hospital Mogadishu |
201 | 20/08/2007 | Medecins Sans Frontieres: Access to medical care dangerously scarce in and around Mogadishu, ![]() ![]() |
202 | 21/08/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
203 | 22/08/2007 | Order for Reconsideration |
204 | 22/08/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
205 | 24/08/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Nine killed in ![]() ![]() |
206 | 24/08/2007 | Voice of America: Aid workers in ![]() ![]() |
207 | 25/08/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Somali Islamists vow to step up drive against Ethiopians |
208 | 27/08/2007 | Norwegian Refugee Council: Vast needs in Mogadishu |
209 | 31/08/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
210 | 31/08/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
211 | Danish Joint Fact finding mission report - August 2007 | |
212 | 02/09/2007 | Agence France-Press: Fresh fighting rocks Mogadishu as security chiefs summoned |
213 | 03/09/2007 | Xinhua News Agency: Journalists flee violence in ![]() ![]() |
214 | 03/09/2007 | Voice of America: 18,000 flee Mogadishu in August, 50,000 since June |
215 | 03/09/2007 | 18,000 flee Mogadishu in August, 50,000 since June |
216 | 04/09/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
217 | 05/09/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Several killed in clashes in ![]() ![]() |
218 | 05/09/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Six killed in Mogadishu fighting |
219 | 10/09/2007 | Agence France-Presse: ![]() ![]() |
220 | 11/09/2007 | Xinhua News Agency: Security searches underway in Mogadishu market as violence continues |
221 | 12/09/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
222 | 14/09/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
223 | 16/09/2007 | Associated Press: Saudi King oversees ![]() ![]() |
224 | 17/09/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Five killed in Somali violence |
225 | 17/09/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
226 | 17/09/2007 | |
227 | 18/09/2007 | Agence France-Presse: ![]() ![]() |
228 | 21/09/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Fighting makes Somalis fear more than ever – UN envoy |
229 | 24/09/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
230 | 25/09/2007 | Terrorism Focus: Somali fighters focus on common Ethiopian enemy |
231 | 25/09/2007 | Jamestown Foundation: Terrorism Focus |
232 | 27/09/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Two Somalis killed in Mogadishu violence |
233 | 28/09/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
234 | 30/09/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
235 | 30/09/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Eight killed in Somali violence |
236 | 01/10/2007 | United Nations World Food Programme: Fleeing Moghadishu to ![]() ![]() |
237 | 02/10/2007 | Human Rights Watch: Ethiopia and the State of Democracy: Affects on Human Rights and Humanitarian Conditions in Ogaden and ![]() ![]() |
238 | 03/10/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Fierce fighting in Somali capital |
239 | 05/10/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
240 | 08/10/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
241 | 09/10/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Somali Islamist leader vows holy war against 'Christian invaders' |
242 | 10/10/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
243 | 10/10/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Violence kills another seven in ![]() ![]() |
244 | 12/10/2007 | Church World Service: CWS appeal: ![]() ![]() |
245 | 16/10/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Interview – Threats and death stalk Somali journalists |
246 | 17/10/2007 | The Independent: Ethiopia's Own Darfur as Villagers Flee Government Backed Violence |
247 | 19/10/2007 | United Nations News Service: ![]() ![]() |
248 | 25/10/2007 | UNHCR: Displaced women tell tales or rape and fear in ![]() ![]() |
249 | 29/10/2007 | Agence France-Presse: More Mogadishu residents flee as violence rages |
250 | 30/10/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Weekend fighting drove 36,000 from Somali capital – UN |
251 | 30/10/2007 | World Vision: International NGOs cannot adequately respond to the unfolding humanitarian catastrophe in ![]() ![]() |
252 | 30/10/2007 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
253 | 31/10/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
254 | 31/10/2007 | OCHA: 88,000 newly displaced by insecurity in Mogadishu |
255 | 31/10/2007 | Famine Early Warning System Network, Food Security Analysis Unit: Humanitarian emergency worsens in the Shabelle regions of ![]() ![]() |
256 | November 2007 | Landinfo Report on Security and human rights conditions in southern ![]() ![]() |
257 | 01/11/2007 | United Nations Office of the Coordinator for ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
258 | 01/11/2007 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: Aid organizations in ![]() ![]() |
259 | 01/11/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
260 | 01/11/2007 | Voice of America: UN official says 1.5 million need assistance and protection in ![]() ![]() |
261 | 02/11/2007 | 51. IDP Population because of conflicts in Laas Caanood Map |
262 | 02/11/2007 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
263 | 02/11/2007 | Reuters Foundation: ![]() ![]() |
264 | 05/11/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
265 | 06/11/2007 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
266 | 06/11/2007 | Xinhua News Agency: Thousands displaced by floods in southern ![]() ![]() |
267 | 07/11/2007 | Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in ![]() ![]() |
268 | 07/11/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
269 | 08/11/2007 | Voice of America: Mounting violence around Mogadishu displaces tens of thousands of Somalis |
270 | 09/11/2007 | Human Rights Watch: ![]() ![]() |
271 | 09/11/2007 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: ![]() ![]() |
272 | 09/11/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Death tolls mounts as Mogadishu violence flares |
273 | 09/11/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Ethiopian forces kill six civilians in Mogadishu: witnesses |
274 | 10/11/2007 | SOS-Kinderdorf International - Four mortar shells hit SOS Children's Village Mogadishu |
275 | 10/11/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Thousands flee as fighting in Somali capital claims 59 lives |
276 | 12/11/207 | Foreign & Commonwealth Office: Past and Current Levels of Armed Violence in ![]() ![]() |
277 | 12/11/2007 | UKBA: Country of Origin Information Report ![]() ![]() |
278 | 12/11/2007 | UN OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
279 | 12/11/2007 | OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
280 | 12/11/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
281 | 13/11/2007 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
282 | 15/11/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Fugitive Somali Islamist urges jihad on AU troops |
283 | 16/11/2007 | CAFOD: ![]() ![]() |
284 | 17/11/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Insurgents attack Ugandan troops in Somali capital |
285 | 19/11/2007 | United Nations News Service: Concerned at conditions in ![]() ![]() |
286 | 19/11/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
287 | 23/11/2007 | SOS – Kinderdorf International: Mortars hit the SOS Children's Village Mogadishu – five co-workers injured |
288 | 27/11/2007 | Norwegian Council for Africa: ![]() ![]() |
289 | 28/11/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Camps abound as Somalis flee Mogadishu violence |
290 | 28/11/2007 | Shabelle Media Network: ![]() ![]() |
291 | 29/11/2007 | sacbee.com: Ethiopia Accused of Civilian Abuse |
292 | 30/11/2007 | Reuters Foundation: ![]() ![]() |
293 | 30/11/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
294 | 03/12/2007 | SOS – Kinderdorf International: SOS co-worker killed in the crossfire at the SOS Children's Village Mogadishu |
295 | 03/12/2007 | OCHA: USG visits newly displaced Somalis from Mogadishu on mission to Afgooye |
296 | 03/12/2007 | GOAL: Somali statement |
297 | 03/12/2007 | Human Rights Watch: UN: Atrocities fuel worsening crisis in Horn of Africa |
298 | 04/12/2007 | UNOCHA: ![]() ![]() |
299 | 04/12/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
300 | 04/12/2007 | UNOCHA: ![]() ![]() |
301 | 06/12/2007 | BBC News: Images Back Ethiopia Abuse Claim |
302 | 07/12/2007 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: UN: Rape is now "part of the game" in brutal Somali conflict |
303 | 07/12/2007 | DPA report |
304 | 08/12/2007 | Reuters report |
305 | 08/12/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Somali Islamists seize town from government troops |
306 | 09/12/2007 | VOA News: Islamist fighters seize central Somali town |
307 | 10/12/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Daily life in Mogadishu shrivels under incessant violence |
308 | 11/12/2007 | Odenwald, M. and others: The Consumption of Khat and Other Drugs in Somali Combatants: A cross-sectional study |
309 | 11/12/2007 | MSF report |
310 | 11/12/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
311 | 11/12/2007 | Agence France – Presse: 13 killed in ![]() ![]() |
312 | 11/12/2007 | Medecins Sans Frontieres: ![]() ![]() |
313 | 11/12/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
314 | 14/12/2007 | New York Times: Ethiopia Turns to Civilian Patrols |
315 | 14/12/2007 | Agence France-Presse: Two women killed in fresh Somali violence: witness |
316 | 14/12/2007 | Agence France-Presse: ![]() ![]() |
317 | 14/12/2007 | BBC News: Sweden denies Mogadishu conflict |
318 | 15/12/2007 | New York Times: Ethiopians Said to Push Civilians into Rebel War |
319 | 18/12/2007 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: Fresh fighting in Mogadishu kills at least 17 |
320 | 19/12/2007 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
321 | 20/12/2007 | USAID Report: ![]() ![]() |
322 | 31/12/2007 | Reuters report |
323 | 31/12/2007 | Reuters Foundation: Mogadishu violence kills 6,500 in past year |
324 | 31/12/2007 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
325 | UNOCHA - Humanitarian Situation in ![]() ![]() |
|
326 | OCHA Regional Office for Central and East Africa – Displaced Populations Report - July – December 2007 | |
327 | OCHA: Situation Reports September-December 2007 | |
328 | FIDH/OMCT: Steadfast in Protection: Annual Report 2007 | |
329 | SAACID: Emergency IDP Settlement Rehabilitation programme 2007/8 | |
330 | Circa 2008 | SAACID: Results of the "SAACID Rapid Population Assessment of IDP Settlements in Mogadishu" |
331 | 02/01/2008 | United Nations: 2007 'one of the deadliest years' for United Nations personnel, Staff Union says; at least 9 peacekeepers, 33 civilian staff members killed during year |
332 | 07/01/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
333 | 08/01/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
334 | 10/01/2008 | UNOCHA report |
335 | 10/01/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
336 | 11/01/2008 | Danish Refugee Council: Essential help in ![]() ![]() |
337 | 11/01/2008 | Jane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessments |
338 | 16/01/2008 | Oxfam report |
339 | 17/01/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Heavy fighting erupts in Somali capital, 13 dead |
340 | 18/01/2008 | Agence France-Presse: Somali insurgents expanding area of attacks: African Union |
341 | 21/01/2008 | Norwegian Council for Africa: ![]() ![]() |
342 | 21/01/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
343 | 22/01/2008 | Newsweek: Ethiopia's Dirty War |
344 | 27/01/2008 | VOA News: Mortar rocks Mogadishu airport as AU Commissioner visits |
345 | 28/01/2008 | Medecins Sans Frontieres: Three MSF workers killed in fatal incident in Kismayo, ![]() ![]() |
346 | 28/01/2008 | United Nations Secretary General: Secretary-General condemns killing of aid workers, journalist in ![]() ![]() |
347 | 28/01/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
348 | 29/01/2008 | Voice of America: UN's ![]() ![]() |
349 | 29/01/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
350 | 30/01/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
351 | 31/01/2008 | FSAU press release |
352 | 31/01/2008 | Food Security Analysis Unit: More than a quarter of the population of ![]() ![]() |
353 | 31/01/2008 | UNHCR Refworld – various items on ![]() ![]() |
354 | 31/01/2008 | allAfrica.com: Islamists vow to continue fight against Ethiopian troops |
355 | 31/01/2008 | InsideSomalia.org: Somali MP wounded in Mogadishu overnight |
356 | 31/01/2008 | allAfrica.com: Mogadishu mayor appeals talks with the opposition |
357 | 31/01/2008 | Amison troops settle a new base in Mogadishu |
358 | 01/02/2008 | allAfrica.com: Radical clerics take a softer stance on new premier |
359 | 01/02/2008 | Mail & Guardian Online, South Africa: Aid group pulls international staff out of ![]() ![]() |
360 | 01/02/2008 | www.simbanews.com: Uganda: Meseveni plans more troops for ![]() ![]() |
361 | 05/02/2008 | UNOCHA report |
362 | 05/02/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
363 | 06/02/2008 | SOS-Kinderdorf International: Mogadishu faces its most difficult time |
364 | 08/02/2008 | Voice of America: ![]() ![]() |
365 | 12/02/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
366 | 13/02/2008 | UN News Service report |
367 | 13/02/2008 | United Nations News Service: Violence puts some 2 million people in ![]() ![]() |
368 | 13/02/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
369 | 14/02/2008 | UNICEF |
370 | 19/02/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
371 | 19/02/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Battles kill seven in Somali capital Mogadishu |
372 | 20/02/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
373 | 21/02/2008 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
374 | 21/02/2008 | IRIN: A Somali girl's childhood ends in shelling, burns and terrible scars |
375 | 24/02/2008 | Agence France-Presse: Somali Islamists wrest control of southern township |
376 | 27/02/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
377 | 27/02/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
378 | 29/02/2008 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
379 | UNOCHA report - March 2008 | |
380 | 03/03/2008 | Human Rights Watch: UN: Rights council should tackle ![]() ![]() |
381 | 04/03/2008 | United Nations Country Team in ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
382 | 04/03/2008 | Hiraan.com: UN Coordinator for ![]() ![]() |
383 | 11/03/2008 | US State Department report |
384 | 13/03/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Interview – ![]() ![]() |
385 | 14/03/2008 | Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in ![]() ![]() |
386 | 14/03/2008 | UN Secretary General Report |
387 | 14/03/2008 | Voice of America: ![]() ![]() |
388 | 15/03/2008 | UKBA: Country of Origin Information Report ![]() ![]() |
389 | 16/03/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Interview – Somali Islamist leader rejects talks with govt |
390 | 17/03/2008 | Report of the UNHRC Independent Expert |
391 | 17/03/2008 | United Nations General Assembly: Technical Assistance and Capacity-Building |
392 | 17/03/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Clan battles kill 10 in central ![]() ![]() |
393 | 17/03/2008 | Report of the UNHRC Independent Expert |
394 | 19/03/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Battles erupt in Somali capital |
395 | 19/03/2008 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: Battles rage in Mogadishu: at least 12 killed |
396 | 26/03/2008 | NGOs' statement |
397 | 26/03/2008 | International Medical Corps report |
398 | 26/03/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Somali Islamists seize key town of Jowhar |
399 | 26/03/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Factbox – ![]() ![]() |
400 | 26/03/2008 | International Medical Corps: ![]() ![]() |
401 | 26/03/2008 | International Medical Corps report |
402 | 26/03/2008 | BBC News: Q & A Somali conflict |
403 | 27/03/2008 | UN WFP report |
404 | 27/03/2008 | The Irish Red Cross Society: Red Cross concern over worsening humanitarian situation in ![]() ![]() |
405 | 27/03/2008 | United Nations World Food Programme: WFP warns ![]() ![]() |
406 | 27/03/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Somali Islamists plot more hit-and-run raids |
407 | 27/03/2008 | UN WFP report |
408 | 28/03/2008 | Oxfam report |
409 | 28/03/2008 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
410 | 28/03/2008 | Oxfam: Humanitarian emergency in ![]() ![]() |
411 | 31/03/2008 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
412 | 31/03/2008 | Refugees International Bulletin |
413 | 31/03/2008 | Human Rights Watch Report |
414 | 31/03/2008 | Refugees International: ![]() ![]() |
415 | 31/03/2008 | Refugees International: ![]() ![]() |
416 | 31/03/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Death toll from Mogadishu market blasts hits 17 |
417 | 31/03/2008 | Refugees International Bulletin |
418 | 31/03/2008 | Human Rights Watch Report |
419 | OCHA: Monthly Cluster Reports January-March 2008 | |
420 | UNOCHA report, March 2008 | |
421 | 03/04/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency report |
422 | 03/04/2008 | Agence France-Presse: At least 19 killed in Somali fighting |
423 | 03/04/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Clashes, many victims, hospital closes in Kismayo |
424 | 03/04/2008 | Refugee International report |
425 | 03/04/2008 | MSF report |
426 | 03/04/2008 | AFP report |
427 | 03/04/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency report |
428 | 04/04/2008 | Refugees International Statement to UN Security Council |
429 | 04/04/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Kismayo, civilians and aid workers victims of violence |
430 | 04/04/2008 | Refugees International Statement to UN Security Council |
431 | 05/04/2008 | Agence France-Presse: Five killed in Mogadishu clashes |
432 | 06/04/2008 | AFP Report |
433 | 06/04/2008 | Agence France-Presse: Islamists seize Somali town after fighting: witnesses |
434 | 08/04/2008 | Voice of America report |
435 | 08/04/2008 | Xinhua News Agency: Suicide car bomb targets AU peacekeepers in Mogadishu |
436 | 08/04/2008 | Voice of America: Number of displaced persons soars in Mogadishu |
437 | 08/04/2008 | Voice of America report |
438 | 09/04/2008 | Reuters report |
439 | 09/04/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Islamist rebels seize key Somali town again |
440 | 09/04/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
441 | 09/04/2008 | Agence France-Presse: Burundi peacekeeper dies as Mogadishu violence rages |
442 | 15/04/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
443 | 15/04/2008 | insidesomalia.org: ![]() ![]() |
444 | 16/04/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
445 | 18/04/2008 | UNOCHA report |
446 | 18/04/2008 | allAfrica.com: 'We are fighting children in Mogadishu' says Somali leader |
447 | 19/04/2008 | AFP report |
448 | 19/04/2008 | Agence France-Presse: At least 18 killed in Mogadishu fighting |
449 | 19/04/2008 | AFP report |
450 | 20/04/2008 | Reuters report |
451 | 20/04/2008 | Reuters Foundation: More than 80 die in Mogadishu fighting rights group |
452 | 21/04/2008 | UN Political Office report |
453 | 21/04/2008 | UN Secretary General Report |
454 | 21/04/2008 | AFP report |
455 | 21/04/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Mogadishu: After weekend 'massacre', more tension in north |
456 | 21/04/2008 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
457 | 21/04/2008 | United Nations Political Office for ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
458 | 21/04/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Death-toll in ![]() ![]() |
459 | 21/04/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
460 | 22/04/2008 | UNOCHA report |
461 | 22/04/2008 | Reuters report |
462 | 22/04/2008 | Voice of America: Mogadishu residents express outrage after Ethiopian troops attack mosque |
463 | 22/04/2008 | Voice of America: UN warns ![]() ![]() |
464 | 22/04/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
465 | 22/04/2008 | Reuters Foundation: ![]() ![]() |
466 | 22/04/2008 | McClatchy Washington Bureau: Brush with death forces Somali journalist to flee his homeland |
467 | 23/04/2008 | UN Human Rights Council report |
468 | 23/04/2008 | Amnesty International Press Release |
469 | 23/04/2008 | UNOCHA report |
470 | 23/04/2008 | British Red Cross: Rising insecurity brings new challenges for humanitarian reporting |
471 | 23/04/2008 | United Nations Human Rights Council: Independent expert on the situation of human rights in ![]() ![]() |
472 | 23/04/2008 | UN Human Rights Council report |
473 | 24/04/2008 | Report of the UN Monitoring Group on ![]() ![]() |
474 | 24/04/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Ethiopia denies Amnesty mosque killings accusation |
475 | 24/04/2008 | ENOUGH: 15 years after Black Hawk Down- ![]() ![]() |
476 | 24/04/2008 | United Nations Human Settlements Programme: Communities make things work in war-torn Mogadishu |
477 | 25/04/2008 | UNOCHA report |
478 | 25/04/2008 | UNHCR: ![]() ![]() |
479 | 28/04/2008 | SOS-Kinderdorf International: ![]() ![]() |
480 | 29/04/2008 | MISNA report |
481 | 29/04/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Beledweyne occupied, army prepares for clash |
482 | 29/04/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Inflation adds more hardship to war-weary Somalis |
483 | 29/04/2008 | United Nations Security Council: Security Council condemns continuing flow of arms to ![]() ![]() |
484 | 30/04/2008 | Food Security Analysis Unit ![]() ![]() |
485 | 30/04/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Somali insurgents target seat of parliament |
486 | 30/04/2008 | SOS-Kinderdorf International: SOS Children's Villages ![]() ![]() |
487 | 30/04/2008 | International Committee of the Red Cross: ![]() ![]() |
488 | 30/04/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
489 | 30/04/2008 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
490 | 30/04/2008 | US Department of State – Country Reports on Terrorism (Africa Overview) |
491 | 02/05/2008 | United Nations News Service: UN says humanitarian situation in ![]() ![]() |
492 | 02/05/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Somali rebels defiant after al Qaeda chief killed |
493 | 02/05/2008 | UNOCHA report |
494 | 05/05/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Mogadishu rocked by food demonstrations |
495 | 05/05/2008 | allAfrica.com: ![]() ![]() |
496 | 06/05/2008 | Terrorism Focus: Strategy of ![]() ![]() |
497 | 06/05/2008 | Amnesty International |
498 | 06/05/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
499 | 06/05/2008 | Trocaire: ![]() ![]() |
500 | 06/05/2008 | Amnesty International: Killing of civilians now routine in ![]() ![]() |
501 | 06/05/2008 | Amnesty International report |
502 | 06/05/2008 | Amnesty International: Routinely Targeted - Attacks on Civilians in ![]() ![]() |
503 | 06/05/2008-10/05/2008 | Alex Strick van Linschoten - narratives |
504 | 07/05/2008 | CNN: Discord drives Somalis to Yemen in record numbers |
505 | 08/05/2008 | AFP report |
506 | 12/05/2008 | Letter from UK Border Agency to Wilson & Co |
507 | 20/05/2008 | Terrorism Focus: Jihadi website interviews new leader of ![]() ![]() |
508 | 21/05/2008 | The Christian Science Monitor: ![]() ![]() |
509 | 23/05/2008 | Garowe Online: Islamist rebels in secret deal with Kismayo port militia |
510 | 27/05/2008 | Agence France-Presse: Mogadishu attack death toll rises to 18 |
511 | 27/05/2008 | www.hornofafrica.de: ![]() ![]() |
512 | 28/05/2008 | Amnesty International annual report |
513 | 30/05/2008 | Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in ![]() ![]() |
514 | 30/05/2008 | Action Against Hunger – USA: Conditions deteriorate in ![]() ![]() |
515 | 31/05/2008 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
516 | 01/06/2008 | Garowe Online: ![]() ![]() |
517 | 01/06/2008 | Officials: Somali president escapes mortar attack on airport |
518 | 06/06/2008 | United States Agency for International Development: Horn of Africa: Complex Emergency Fact Sheet #1 (FY 2008) |
519 | 06/06/2008 | OCHA: Situation Report |
520 | 09/06/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
521 | 11/06/2008 | Agence France-Presse: Gunmen kill humanitarian chief, driver in Mogadishu: aid worker |
522 | 12/06/2008 | IPS: Ethiopia: Western Allies Ignoring Government Abuses Report Says |
523 | 12/06/2008 | Collective Punishment: War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Ogaden Area of Ethiopia's Somali Regional State |
524 | 12/06/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Somali airport shelled as president flies out |
525 | 12/06/2008 | Garowe Online: Somali insurgents target Mogadishu airport as president flies out |
526 | 12/06/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
527 | 13/06/2008 | Javno.hr: West Fails to Condemn Ethiopia Rights Abuse |
528 | 13/06/2008 | United Nations World Food Programme: WFP-contracted driver killed by gunmen in southern ![]() ![]() |
529 | 16/06/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Floods devastate Mogadishu refugee camps |
530 | 17/06/2008 | International Crisis Group: Beyond the Fragile Peace Between Ethiopia and Eritrea: Averting New War |
531 | 17/06/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
532 | 19/06/2008 | European Parliament resolution on the routine killing of civilians in ![]() ![]() |
533 | 20/06/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Somali battles kill 38 since Djibouti 'peace pact' |
534 | 22/06/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Somali activist assassinated, UN boss kidnapped |
535 | 23/06/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Mogadishu displaced dying from starvation |
536 | 24/06/2008 | Terrorism Focus: Emerging Cracks in ![]() ![]() |
537 | 26/06/2008 | Reuters: ![]() ![]() |
538 | 27/06/2008 | United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights Council: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights including the right to development |
539 | 28/06/2008 | California Chronicle: Ethiopia: State Specialised in Extrajudicial Killings, Rape, Child Molestation and Torture |
540 | 28/06/2008 | Agence France-Presse: Kidnapped Danish, Swedish aid workers freed in ![]() ![]() |
541 | 30/06/2008 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
542 | 30/06/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
543 | ![]() ![]() |
|
544 | 01/07/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Five aid workers kidnapped in ![]() ![]() |
545 | 02/07/2008 | Freedom House Report |
546 | 02/07/2008 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: Fierce fighting leaves more than 50 dead in ![]() ![]() |
547 | 09/07/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
548 | 10/07/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Fighting near Baidoa, civilians fleeing |
549 | 14/07/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
550 | 16/07/2008 | Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in ![]() ![]() |
551 | 16/07/2008 | American Chronicle: Terrorist, Barbaric Ethiopian Army Proven Worse Than Afghanistan's Taliban Extremists |
552 | 16/07/2008 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
553 | 17/07/2008 | Xinhua News Agency: Six die in renewed fierce clashes in Mogadishu |
554 | 18/07/2008 | Report of the UN Monitoring Group on ![]() ![]() |
555 | 20/07/2008 | House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee - ![]() ![]() |
556 | 22/07/2008 | Extract from Hansard |
557 | 23/07/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
558 | 29/07/2008 | Internal displacement monitoring centre: ![]() ![]() |
559 | 29/07/2008 | Terrorism Focus: New Strategy of killing aid workers in ![]() ![]() |
560 | 29/07/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Clashes in Mogadishu, displaced in camps without food or medicine |
561 | 30/07/2008 | Country of Origin Information Service (COIS) – Report on ![]() ![]() |
562 | 31/07/2008 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
563 | 31/07/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
564 | August 2008 | US Department of State Bureau of African Affairs: ![]() ![]() |
565 | 01/08/2008 | Aromia Times: Human Rights Abuse in the Horn of Africa |
566 | 01/08/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
567 | 03/08/2008 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: Terror bomb kills 20 in Mogadishu, political crisis deepens |
568 | 05/08/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Mogadishu – Ethiopian military bomb homes, kill civilians |
569 | 07/08/2008 | UN: UN under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Co-Ordinator alarmed by civilian casualties in ![]() ![]() |
570 | 07/08/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
571 | 08/08/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
572 | 11/08/2008 | Xinhua News Agency: Six civilians, two Ethiopian soldiers killed in ![]() ![]() |
573 | 11/08/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Medicine needed in Mogadishu, as clashes continue everywhere |
574 | 13/08/2008 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
575 | 14/08/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Ethiopian troops kill civilians on minibus |
576 | 15/08/2008 | Reuters Foundation: About 50 people killed in separate ![]() ![]() |
577 | 16/08/2008 | allAfrica.com: 56 killed, 80 wounded in ![]() ![]() |
578 | 17/08/2008 | Agence France-Presse: UN says two employees feared dead in Somali kidnapping |
579 | 20/08/2008 | Xinhua News Agency: Fourteen die in ![]() ![]() |
580 | 21/08/2008 | Voice of America: ![]() ![]() |
581 | 22/08/2008 | allAfrica.com: ![]() ![]() |
582 | 25/08/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
583 | 25/08/2008 | In ![]() ![]() |
584 | 26/08/2008 | Food Security Analysis Unit ![]() ![]() |
585 | 26/08/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
586 | 27/08/2008 | Garowe Online: Ethiopian PM signals shift over ![]() ![]() |
587 | 27/08/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Violence forces MSF to close clinic in Mogadishu |
588 | 29/08/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
589 | 30/08/2008 | Miraya FM: UN envoy to ![]() ![]() |
590 | 31/08/2008 | UNHCR - ![]() ![]() |
591 | 31/08/2008 | Garowe Online: Divided over Djibouti Agreement, Islamists fight |
592 | 31/08/2008 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
593 | UNOCHA - Monthly Cluster Reports January-August 2008 | |
594 | UNOCHA - ![]() ![]() |
|
595 | UN: ![]() ![]() |
|
596 | Witness Statement of Matt Bryden - September 2008…(Nairobi evidence) | |
597 | Sept. 2008 | COIS Information Requests and Answers with source material |
598 | Sept. 2008 | UKBA policy document: Operational Guidance Note on ![]() ![]() |
599 | 01/09/2008 | Summary of Conversation with Alex Tyler…(Nairobi evidence) |
600 | 02/09/2008 | Report from a meeting with a senior official of a UN agency…(Nairobi evidence) |
601 | 02/09/2008 | Interview with a member of an international agency in Nairobi who is a senior Somali expert…(Nairobi evidence) |
602 | 02/09/2008 | Witness statement of an international aid worker…(Nairobi evidence) |
603 | 02/09/2008 | Witness statement of a journalist…(Nairobi evidence) |
604 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - List of Questions…(Nairobi evidence) |
605 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 1…(Nairobi evidence) |
606 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 2…(Nairobi evidence) |
607 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 3…(Nairobi evidence) |
608 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 4…(Nairobi evidence) |
609 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 5…(Nairobi evidence) |
610 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 6…(Nairobi evidence) |
611 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 7…(Nairobi evidence) |
612 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 8…(Nairobi evidence) |
613 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 9…(Nairobi evidence) |
614 | 02/09/2008 | Evidence from interviews conducted with Somali nationals in East Leigh District of Nairobi - Interview 10…(Nairobi evidence) |
615 | 02/09/2008 | Deutsche Presse Agentur: Aid agency closes clinic in violent Mogadishu area |
616 | 03/09/2008 | Report of Conversation with UN Special Representative Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah…(Nairobi evidence) |
617 | 03/09/2008 | Report of a meeting with 2 Security Advisors to all NGOs operating in ![]() ![]() |
618 | 03/09/2008 | Menkhaus, K (ENOUGH): ![]() ![]() |
619 | 03/09/2008 | Garowe Online: 9 Somali police officers 'slaughtered' in Mogadishu |
620 | 04/09/2008 | Witness statement of a Humanitarian Worker…(Nairobi evidence) |
621 | 04/09/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
622 | 04/09/2008 | Security Council statement on signing of Djibouti agreement |
623 | 04/09/2008 | CIA World Factbook - ![]() ![]() |
624 | 05/09/2008 | Witness statement of CA |
625 | 06/09/2008 | Witness statement of a Somali journalist working for an international news agency…(Nairobi evidence) |
626 | 06/09/2008 | Statement of Hon. Professor Mohamed Omar Dalha…(Nairobi evidence) |
627 | 09/09/2008 | Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict: Changing nature of warfare makes children more vulnerable |
628 | 10/09/2008 | Famine Early Warning System Network; United States Agency for International Development – ![]() ![]() |
629 | 10/09/2008 | USAID: ![]() ![]() |
630 | 11/09/2008 | United Nations News Service: Attacks on Somali students, teachers and schools draw condemnation from UN |
631 | 11/09/2008 | UNICEF: ![]() ![]() |
632 | 11/09/2008 | Afrol News: Somali women more angaged in decision-making |
633 | 03/05/2008-11/09/2008 | Behind the Mask - cuttings |
634 | 12/09/2008 | Missionary International Service News Agency: Ethiopian troops open fire on civilians |
635 | 15/09/2008 | Reuters: Somali insurgency escalates, 15 civilians die |
636 | 16/09/2008 | Witness statement of Tony Burns…(Nairobi evidence) |
637 | 16/09/2008 | Witness statement of Muhunthan Paramesvaran…(Nairobi evidence) |
638 | 16/09/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Nearly 9,500 Somalis die in insurgency-group |
639 | 18/09/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
640 | 19/09/2008 | OCHA: Horn of Africa Alert Over review and resource gaps |
641 | 19/09/2008 | DPA: Somali insurgents attack African Peace keeping flight |
642 | 19/09/2008 | UN - Press Conference by the Secretary General for humanitarian affairs and Relief Co-Ordinator John Holmes on food crisis in Horn of Africa |
643 | 19/09/2008 | Email from Alex Tyler, UNHCR Protection Officer |
644 | 19/09/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Battles rock Mogadishu, Islamists show strength |
645 | 19/09/2008 | Deutshce Presse Agentur: Somali insurgents attack African Union peacekeeping flight |
646 | 19/09/2008 | pr-inside.com: Ethiopia Starving Somalis in Ogaden |
647 | 21/09/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
648 | 21/09/2008 | UNHCR Refworld – various items on ![]() ![]() |
649 | 22/09/2008 | DPA: At least 6 Somali civilians die in attack on peace keepers |
650 | 22/09/2008 | Reuters: Somali insurgents take Mogadishu, 23 dead |
651 | 22/09/2008 | MISNA: Mogadishu: Civilians killed in attack on African peace keepers |
652 | 24/09/2008 | DPA: At least 13 civilians dead in heavy Somali clashes |
653 | 24/09/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
654 | 24/09/2008 | MISNA: Mogadishu: exodus of civilians out of city |
655 | 25/09/2008 | UN Agency UN News service - Thousands of Somalis flee capital after fresh fighting this week |
656 | 25/09/2008 | Reuters: Analysis – Insurgents take upper hand in ![]() ![]() |
657 | 26/09/2008 | US Aid: Horn of Africa – Complex emergency |
658 | 26/09/2008 | Xinhua Newsagency: Ten die in escalating fighting in Mogadishu |
659 | 26/09/2008 | Government of Norway: Lack of security is exacerbating crisis in ![]() ![]() |
660 | 26/09/2008 | UNOCHA: ![]() ![]() |
661 | 26/09/2008 | UNHCR: Fresh exodus from Mogadishu, thousands reaching Kenya |
662 | 26/09/2008 | Xinhua Newsagency: Ten die in escalating fighting in Mogadishu |
663 | 26/09/2008 | Official AFP: Crows loot food from trucks in ![]() ![]() |
664 | 26/09/2008 | ICRC: ![]() ![]() |
665 | 28/09/2008 | BBC News: US destroyer nears ![]() ![]() |
666 | 28/09/2008 | allAfrica.com: 10 killed in Mogadishu's Bakara Market Shelling |
667 | 28/09/2008 | Garowe Online: ![]() ![]() |
668 | 29/09/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
669 | 29/09/2008 | allAfrica.com: Fighting forces 18,500 to flee Mogadishu |
670 | 29/09/2008 | Al Shabab are criminals: ![]() ![]() |
671 | 30/09/2008 | Garowe Online: Opposition feud over Ethiopia pullout of central ![]() ![]() |
672 | Oct 2008 | UKBA policy documents: Operational Guidance Note on ![]() ![]() |
673 | 01/10/2008 | Oromia Online: Ethiopian Agression of the Border Town of Moyale, Kenya |
674 | 01/10/2008 | Africa Programme - Piracy in ![]() ![]() |
675 | 01/10/2008 | VOA News: Red Cross: Life in Mogadishu remains precarious |
676 | 01/10/2008 | Garowe Online: 9 killed in ![]() ![]() |
677 | 02/10/2008 | MSF: ![]() ![]() |
678 | 03/10/2008 | (COIS) – Country of Origin Information Report on ![]() ![]() |
679 | 03/10/2008 | UN OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
680 | 03/10/2008 | Reuters: ![]() ![]() |
681 | 03/10/2008 | UN Radio: 80 dead, more than 100 wounded in ![]() ![]() |
682 | 03/10/2008 | SSACID weapon and currency tracking charts for Mogadishu |
683 | 06/10/2008 | BBC News: ![]() ![]() |
684 | 06/10/2008 | BBC News: ![]() ![]() |
685 | 06/10/2008 | Statement by 52 NGO's on a rapidly deteriorating crisis in ![]() ![]() |
686 | 06/10/2008 | MISNA: More violence in Mogadishu, growing concern for civilians |
687 | 06/10/2008 | Reuters: Violence sends 37,000 Somalis fleeing Mogadishu |
688 | 06/10/2008 | MISNA: More violence in Mogadishu, growing concern for civilians |
689 | 06/10/2008 | Xinhua News Agency - Nine civilians die in new shelling in Mogadishu |
690 | 07/10/2008 | MISNA: After Bomb UN withdraws personnel from Merca |
691 | 07/10/2008 | Transcript of Press Conference by Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon at UN Headquarters |
692 | 07/10/2008 | IRIN: ![]() ![]() |
693 | 07/10/2008 | UKBA policy document: Operational Guidance Note on ![]() ![]() |
694 | 07/10/2008 | UN: SC/9467: Security Council asks Nations...to...fight piracy... |
695 | 09/10/2008 | UN OCHA: ![]() ![]() |
696 | 13/10/2008 | Reuters: Insurgents attack African Union troops in Mogadishu |
697 | 14/10/2008 | Witness statement of Catherine-Lune Grayson and Maja Munk, Danish Refugee Council |
698 | 16/10/2008 | MISNA: More fighting in Mogadishu |
699 | 16/10/2008 | Xinhua Newsagency: Heavy fighting near Mogadishu airport |
700 | 17/10/2008 | MISNA: High death toll from Mogadishu to Baidoa |
701 | 17/10/2008 | MISNA: Heavy toll: Thousands flee as corpse collected |
702 | 20/10/2008 | UNWFP: The Living Nightmare of Afgoye |
703 | 20/10/2008 | Reuters Foundation: Fact Box – Violence against Aid workers in ![]() |
704 | 20/10/2008 | MISNA: Mogadishu – Insecurity leaves thousands out of school |
705 | 26/10/2008 | Garowe Online: Somali foes sign ceasefie deal in Djibouti |
706 | 25/11/2008 | BBC News: Q & A Somali conflict |