HLR v. FRANCE - 24573/94 [1997] ECHR 23 (29 April 1997)

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Cite as: 26 EHRR 29, (1998) 26 EHRR 29, [1997] ECHR 23, [1998] 26 EHRR 29

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JISCBAILII_CASE_IMMIGRATION

In the case of H.L.R. v. France (1),

The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, in accordance with

Rule 51 of Rules of Court A (2), as a Grand Chamber composed of the

following judges:

Mr R. Ryssdal, President,

Mr R. Bernhardt,

Mr Thór Vilhjálmsson,

Mr F. Gölcüklü,

Mr F. Matscher,

Mr L.-E. Pettiti,

Mr A. Spielmann,

Mr J. De Meyer,

Mrs E. Palm,

Mr I. Foighel,

Mr R. Pekkanen,

Mr A.N. Loizou,

Mr A.B. Baka,

Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha,

Mr L. Wildhaber,

Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici,

Mr J. Makarczyk,

Mr D. Gotchev,

Mr P. Jambrek,

Mr K. Jungwiert,

Mr U. Lohmus,

and also of Mr H. Petzold, Registrar, and Mr P.J. Mahoney, Deputy

Registrar,

Having deliberated in private on 29 November 1996 and on

20 February and 22 April 1997,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the

last-mentioned date:

_______________

Notes by the Registrar

1. The case is numbered 11/1996/630/813. The first number is the

case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court in the

relevant year (second number). The last two numbers indicate the

case's position on the list of cases referred to the Court since its

creation and on the list of the corresponding originating applications

to the Commission.

2. Rules A apply to all cases referred to the Court before the entry

into force of Protocol No. 9 (P9) (1 October 1994) and thereafter only

to cases concerning States not bound by that Protocol (P9). They

correspond to the Rules that came into force on 1 January 1983, as

amended several times subsequently.

_______________

PROCEDURE

1. The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of

Human Rights ("the Commission") and by the Government of the

French Republic ("the Government") on 25 January and 29 February 1996

respectively, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32

para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention for the

Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention").

It originated in an application (no. 24573/94) against France lodged

with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a Colombian national,

H.L.R., on 4 July 1994. The applicant asked the Court not to reveal

his identity.

The Commission's request referred to Articles 44 and 48

(art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby France recognised the

compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the

Government's application referred to Article 48 (art. 48). The object

of the request and of the application was to obtain a decision as to

whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent

State of its obligations under Article 3 of the Convention (art. 3).

2. In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33

para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that he wished

to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would

represent him (Rule 30).

3. The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio

Mr L.-E. Pettiti, the elected judge of French nationality (Article 43

of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the

Court (Rule 21 para. 4 (b)). On 8 February 1996, in the presence of

the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other

seven members, namely Mr Thór Vilhjálmsson, Mr A. Spielmann,

Mr J. De Meyer, Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha, Mr L. Wildhaber,

Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici and Mr K. Jungwiert (Article 43 in fine of the

Convention and Rule 21 para. 5) (art. 43).

4. As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 6), Mr Ryssdal, acting

through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the

applicant's lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the

organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant

to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the

Government's memorial on 30 July 1996 and the applicant's memorial on

12 August. On 12 September the Secretary to the Commission informed

the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the

hearing.

5. On 27 June 1996 the Chamber decided to relinquish jurisdiction

forthwith in favour of a Grand Chamber (Rule 51).

The Grand Chamber to be constituted included ex officio

Mr Ryssdal, President of the Court, Mr R. Bernhardt, Vice-President,

and the other members (see paragraph 3 above) and the substitute judges

(namely, Mr R. Macdonald, Mr A.N. Loizou, Mr A.B. Baka and

Mr U. Lohmus) of the Chamber which had relinquished jurisdiction

(Rule 51 para. 2 (a) and (b)). On 1 July 1996, in the presence of the

Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the seven additional

judges, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr F. Matscher, Mrs E. Palm,

Mr I. Foighel, Mr R. Pekkanen, Mr J. Makarczyk and Mr D. Gotchev.

Subsequently Mr P. Jambrek replaced Mr Macdonald, who was unable to

take part in the further consideration of the case (Rule 22 para. 1 and

Rule 51 para. 6).

6. On 26 September 1996 Mr Ryssdal, after consulting the members of

the Grand Chamber, granted leave to Rights International, a

non-governmental organisation based in New York, to submit written

comments subject to certain conditions. These were received at the

registry on 31 October 1996.

The Court received Amnesty International's reports for 1995 and

1996.

7. In accordance with the President's decision, the hearing took

place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on

25 November 1996. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand.

At that meeting, the Grand Chamber decided not to include in the

case file the documents lodged on 24 October and

12, 20 and 22 November 1996 by the applicant, since they were late and

as the Government had objected.

There appeared before the Court:

(a) for the Government

Mr J.-F. Dobelle, Deputy Director of Legal Affairs,

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agent,

Mr J. Lapouzade, administrative court judge, on

secondment to the Legal Affairs Department,

Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr E. Boscq, central administration attaché,

Ministry of the Interior, Advisers;

(b) for the Commission

Mr J.-C. Geus, Delegate;

(c) for the applicant

Mrs H. Clément, of the Paris Bar, Counsel,

Mr G. Parent, Adviser.

The Court heard addresses by Mr Geus, Mrs Clément and Mr Dobelle.

AS TO THE FACTS

I. Circumstances of the case

8. H.L.R., who is a Colombian national and was born in 1968, is

currently in France subject to a compulsory residence order.

A. The applicant's conviction

9. On 14 May 1989 the applicant, who was travelling from Colombia

to Italy, was arrested while in transit at Roissy Airport in possession

of a package containing 580 grammes of cocaine.

According to the record of the interviews that took place on

16 May 1989, whilst he was in police custody H.L.R. supplied

information on the instigators of the traffic and on H.B., by whom he

had been recruited. That information subsequently enabled Interpol to

identify H.B., who appeared in their records under two different names

and had been arrested on 21 May 1989 at Frankfurt-on-Main Airport in

possession of 552 grammes of cocaine. H.B. was convicted and on

23 January 1990 was sentenced by the Frankfurt-on-Main Regional Court

to two years and eight months' imprisonment; he was deported to

Colombia pursuant to an order issued on 12 April 1990 by the

Chief Administrative Officer (Landrat) of the district (Landkreis) of

Darmstadt-Dieking.

10. In the meantime, on 25 September 1989, the Bobigny Criminal Court

had convicted the applicant of an offence under the misuse of drugs

legislation and sentenced him to five years' imprisonment. It also

made an order permanently excluding him from French territory.

11. On 24 July 1992 the Paris Court of Appeal upheld both that

judgment and the judgment of 22 June 1992 of the same court whereby his

application to have the permanent exclusion order cancelled was

dismissed.

12. On 31 July 1992 the applicant, arguing in particular that he had

assisted the judicial authorities, petitioned the President of the

Republic to have the exclusion order rescinded. His petition was

dismissed on 20 September 1994.

13. On 18 December 1992 the Bobigny public prosecutor, who had

initially instructed the Prefect of the Dordogne département to enforce

the exclusion order on 30 December, the date of the applicant's

release, ordered that his deportation be stayed.

14. After serving his sentence, the applicant was given

accommodation, at the home of one of his prison visitors.

B. The deportation procedure

1. The deportation order

15. Notwithstanding that the petition to the President was pending,

the Minister of the Interior directed that the applicant's file be

submitted to the Aliens' Deportation Board for an opinion in accordance

with section 23 of the Ordinance of 2 November 1945 as amended

(see paragraph 24 below).

16. On 17 February 1994, having been informed of the risks the

applicant would run if he were deported to Colombia, the

Aliens' Deportation Board expressed the following opinion:

"The Board is of the opinion that [H.L.R.] should not be deported

as his presence in France does not constitute a serious threat

to public order and there are in addition good reasons for

believing that his integration in the national community is

possible."

17. On 26 April 1994 the Minister of the Interior nonetheless issued

an order for the applicant's deportation. He relied on the following

reasons:

"Whereas Mr H.L.R., a Colombian national, ..., committed a

drugs offence in 1989 by illegally importing nearly 600 grammes

of heroin [sic];

Whereas on account of his general behaviour the presence of this

foreign national in French territory represents a serious threat

to public order;

Having regard to the opinion issued on 17 February 1994 by the

Board referred to in section 24 of the Ordinance [no. 45-2658 of

2 November 1945, as amended, concerning the conditions of entry

and residence of aliens in France]."

18. The Prefect of the Dordogne département served the

deportation order on the applicant by a letter of 9 May 1994, which the

applicant received on 20 May. He stated that the applicant was to be

deported to Colombia, unless he was accepted by another country, within

one month of the date of receipt of the letter. On 20 June 1994 the

Prefect granted the applicant a final extension of one month in which

to find a host country.

2. The application to have the deportation order rescinded

19. On 30 May 1994 the applicant applied to the

Minister of the Interior to have the deportation order rescinded. His

application was rejected on 17 June 1994 on the following grounds:

"I regret [to have] to inform you that, at the present time, in

spite of the various considerations you cite in your client's

favour, it is impossible for me to grant your application because

the acts which gave rise to the order for your client's

deportation occurred recently and were serious. In 1989 he was

involved in the trafficking of almost 600 grammes of heroin

[sic].

Consequently his presence in France continues to constitute a

serious threat to public order."

3. The applications for judicial review

20. At the same time, by applications lodged with the

Bordeaux Administrative Court and registered on 7 and 28 June 1994 the

applicant sought judicial review of the deportation order and of the

refusal to rescind it.

21. In its judgment of 18 April 1996 served on 17 July 1996, the

court joined and then dismissed the applications. It gave the

following reasons:

"Under the final paragraph of section 27 bis of the Ordinance of

2 November 1945, `an alien shall not be sent to a country if he

shows that he is in danger of losing his life or his liberty

there or that he will be exposed there to treatment contrary to

Article 3 (art. 3) of the Convention for the Protection of

Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950'; by

virtue of the provisions of Article 2 (art. 2) of the

European Convention on Human Rights, `1. Everyone's right to life

shall be protected by law ...' and of Article 3 of that

Convention (art. 3): `No one shall be subjected to torture or to

inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.'; the impugned

deportation order of 26 April 1994 did no more than enjoin

[Mr H.L.R.] to leave French territory; it follows that, in any

event, the submission that his return to Colombia would infringe

the provisions cited above (art. 2, art. 3) is ineffective.

... [Mr H.L.R.] is single, has no children and no family life in

France; it follows that the submission that the provisions [of

Article 8 (art. 8) of the Convention for the Protection of

Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms] have been infringed cannot

be accepted."

22. On 10 September 1996 the applicant appealed against that judgment

to the Bordeaux Administrative Court of Appeal. The outcome of the

appeal is not known.

4. The compulsory residence order

23. In the meantime, the Minister of the Interior had issued a

compulsory residence order on 12 July 1994 pursuant to section 28 of

Ordinance no. 45-2658 of 2 November 1945 as amended (see paragraph 24

below). Considering that it had been established that the applicant

was unable to leave France at that time, the Minister ordered him to

reside in a designated location "until such time as he [was] in a

position to comply with the deportation order against him". That

position has remained unchanged.

II. Relevant domestic law

24. The applicant's deportation is governed by Ordinance no. 45-2658

of 2 November 1945 "on the conditions of entry and residence [of

aliens] in France", as amended by Law no. 93-1027 of 24 August 1993.

The relevant provisions, in the wording applicable at the date of the

impugned decision, are as follows:

Section 23

"Subject to the provisions of section 25, deportation may be

decided by order of the Minister of the Interior if an alien's

presence on French territory constitutes a serious threat to

public order.

The deportation order may at any time be rescinded by the

Minister of the Interior. Where the application for an order to

be rescinded is made on the expiry of a period of five years from

the actual execution of the deportation order, it may be rejected

only after the opinion of the board provided for in section 24,

before which the applicant may be represented, has been obtained.

..."

Section 24

"Deportation as provided for in section 23 may be ordered only

where the following conditions are satisfied:

(1) The alien must be given advance notice in accordance with

the conditions laid down in a decree of the Conseil d'Etat;

(2) The alien shall be summoned to be interviewed by a board

convened by the prefect and composed as follows:

the president of the tribunal de grande instance of the

administrative capital of the département or a judge delegated

by him, chairman;

a judicial officer (magistrat) designated by the

general assembly of the tribunal de grande instance of the

administrative capital of the département; and

an administrative court judge.

The head of the aliens' department at the prefecture shall act

as rapporteur; the director of health and social affairs of the

département or his representative shall be heard by the board.

They shall not attend the board's deliberations.

The summons, which must be served on the alien at least

fifteen days before the board's meeting, shall inform him that

he has the right to be assisted by a lawyer or by any other

person of his choice and to be heard with the help of an

interpreter.

The alien may request legal aid in accordance with Law no. 91-647

of 10 July 1991 on legal aid. Reference shall be made to this

possibility in the summons. A provisional grant of legal aid may

be decided by the chairman of the board.

The board's hearing shall be public. The chairman shall ensure

the proper conduct of the proceedings. All orders made by him

to that end must be executed immediately. Before the board the

alien may put forward all the reasons that militate against his

deportation. A report recording the alien's statements shall be

transmitted, together with the board's opinion, to the

Minister of the Interior, who shall give a decision. The board's

opinion shall also be communicated to the person concerned."

Section 25

"A deportation order made under section 23 may not be issued

against the following persons:

(1) a minor alien under 18 years of age;

(2) an alien who proves by any means that he has habitually

resided in France since the age of 6 or younger;

(3) an alien who proves by any means that he has habitually

resided in France for more than fifteen years or an alien who has

lawfully resided in France for more than ten years, unless for

the whole of this period he has been in possession of a

temporary residence permit bearing the word 'student';

(4) an alien, who has been married for at least one year and

whose spouse is a French national provided that they have not

ceased to live together and that the spouse has kept his or her

French nationality;

(5) an alien who is the father or the mother of a French child

residing in France provided that he or she exercises parental

rights, even only on a partial basis, in respect of the child or

actually provides for him or her;

(6) an alien who is in receipt of an industrial accident or

occupational disability pension paid by a French institution

where his or her permanent disability is at least 20%;

(7) an alien residing lawfully in France by virtue of one of

the residence permits provided for in this Ordinance or in the

international agreements, who has not been sentenced with final

effect to a non-suspended term of imprisonment of one year or

more.

However, by way of derogation to (7) above, an alien may be

expelled if he has been sentenced with final effect to a

non-suspended term of imprisonment for an offence under

section 21 of this Ordinance, sections 4 and 8 of Law no. 73-548

of 27 June 1973 on multiple occupation, Articles L-362-3,

L-364-2-1, L-364-3 and L-364-5 of the Labour Code or

Articles 225-5 to 225-11 of the Criminal Code.

The aliens referred to in sub-paragraphs (1) to (6) may not be

the subject of a removal order made under section 22 of this

Ordinance.

By way of derogation from the provisions of this section, a

deportation order under sections 23 and 24 may be made against

an alien falling within one of the categories listed in

sub-paragraphs (3), (4), (5) and (6) if he or she has been

sentenced with final effect to a non-suspended term of

imprisonment of at least five years."

Section 27 bis

"An alien who is the subject of a deportation order or who has

to be removed from France shall be sent to:

(1) the country of which he is a national unless the

French Office for the Protection of Refugees and

Stateless Persons or the Refugee Appeals Board has granted him

refugee status or has not yet ruled on his application for

asylum; or

(2) a country which has delivered him a travel document which

is currently valid; or

(3) a country which he may lawfully enter.

An alien shall not be sent to a country in which he shows that

there is a danger that he will lose his life or liberty or that

he will there be exposed to treatment contrary to Article 3

(art. 3) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and

Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950."

Section 28 (1)

"An alien subject to a deportation order or required to leave

France who proves that it is impossible for him to leave France

by showing that he can neither return to his country of origin

nor travel to any other country may, by way of derogation from

section 35 bis, be ordered to reside in a designated location

where he must report to the police and the gendarmerie at regular

intervals."

PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION

25. H.L.R. applied to the Commission on 4 July 1994. He complained

that if he were deported to Colombia he would run a serious risk of

being treated in a manner contrary to Article 3 of the Convention

(art. 3).

26. On 8 July 1994 the Commission indicated to the French Government

under Rule 36 of the Commission's Rules of Procedure that it was

desirable, in the interests of the parties and the proper conduct of

the proceedings, to refrain from deporting the applicant. The

Commission has renewed that recommendation on several occasions, the

most recent being 16 January 1996.

27. The Commission declared the application (no. 24573/94) admissible

on 2 March 1995. In its report of 7 December 1995 (Article 31)

(art. 31), it expressed the opinion by nineteen votes to ten that there

would be a violation of Article 3 (art. 3) if the applicant were to be

deported to Colombia. The full text of the Commission's opinion and

of the four separate opinions contained in the report is reproduced as

an annex to this judgment (1).

_______________

Note by the Registrar

1. For practical reasons this annex will appear only with the printed

version of the judgment (in Reports of Judgments and

Decisions 1997-III), but a copy of the Commission's report is

obtainable from the registry.

_______________

FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT

28. In their memorial, the Government invited the Court to dismiss

Mr H.L.R.'s application.

29. The applicant requested it to hold that his forced removal from

French territory would constitute a violation of Article 3 of the

Convention (art. 3).

AS TO THE LAW

ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION (art. 3)

30. The applicant alleged that if he were deported to Colombia he

would certainly be subjected there to treatment proscribed by Article 3

of the Convention (art. 3), which provides:

"No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading

treatment or punishment."

In view of his criminal record in France, he would not be able

to find a country willing to accept him other than his country of

origin. Yet, in Colombia, he would be exposed to vengeance by the

drug traffickers who had recruited him as a smuggler.

By virtue of the positive obligations incumbent on the States and

the absolute character of the right concerned, Article 3 (art. 3)

applied to inhuman and degrading treatment resulting from the actions

of private individuals where a Contracting State had, through its acts

or passivity, failed to comply with its duties under the Convention.

As the French State had sought and obtained from H.L.R. information on

the organisers of the traffic, it had a duty to protect him. The

communications exchanged between different branches of Interpol, and

the documents from the German proceedings against H.B., from whom the

applicant had received his instructions, showed that the applicant's

statements had enabled H.B., who was arrested in Germany and convicted

of drug trafficking, to be identified (see paragraph 9 above).

In addition to the endemic violence perpetuated by the

Colombian criminal organisations, the applicant ran a real and personal

risk; his situation would consequently be worse than that of other

Colombians. By informing on drug traffickers he had broken the law of

silence. As several Colombian lawyers' groups had stated, informers

were frequently subjected to reprisals. In addition, in her various

letters to the applicant (the first, which is in the Commission's file,

dated 25 September 1993 and the last 13 August 1996) his aunt had

reminded him that his life would be in danger if he returned because

the person who had recruited him was waiting for him. H.B., who had

been released in the meantime, regularly questioned her about the

applicant, of whom he had photographs, and wanted revenge.

Furthermore, the Colombian authorities were unable to offer

H.L.R. adequate protection against the risk. The degree to which

organisations connected with drug trafficking had infiltrated the whole

machinery of government was such that Colombia was sometimes referred

to as a "narco-democracy". Wholesale human rights violations caused

by the acts or omissions of State officials had been condemned on all

sides. The ineffectiveness of the judicial institutions meant that it

was impossible to accede to requests for protection and that 90% of

murders went unpunished. Besides, no provision was made under

Colombian legislation for persons who had cooperated with the

judicial authorities of another country to be given special protection

from the threat of reprisals by those on whom they had informed.

The drug cartels had infiltrated the security and

intelligence services and corruption was rife in the judicial system

and in the police and armed forces. Certain paramilitary groups, whose

role was to back up the army in its fight against guerilla movements

and opposition groups, received financial aid from the drug trade.

They controlled large areas of Colombia and were responsible for the

escalation of violence since the end of the 1980s.

31. The Commission agreed in substance with that view. In

determining whether there was a risk of treatment proscribed by

Article 3 (art. 3), strict criteria had to be applied regard being had

to the absolute character of that provision (art. 3). Only the

existence of an objective danger could be taken into account, such as

the nature of the political regime in the State to which the applicant

was likely to be sent, or a specific situation existing in that State.

Making such a finding did not necessarily require that the receiving

State be in any way responsible. In the instant case, the risk did not

come from the Colombian authorities. Given the special circumstances

prevailing in Colombia with respect to drug trafficking, the

applicant's criminal activities in connection with dealers in narcotics

and his statements to the French police, he faced, if deported, a real

and serious risk of being subjected to treatment proscribed by

Article 3 (art. 3). It appeared more than likely that the

Colombian authorities would not be able to give H.L.R. adequate

protection.

32. The Government maintained, by way of primary submission, that the

application was incompatible ratione materiae with the provisions of

Article 3 of the Convention (art. 3) since the risk of inhuman or

degrading treatment relied on by the applicant did not stem from the

conduct of the Colombian authorities.

Article 3 (art. 3) could be construed as also applying in cases

where the risk of such treatment emanated exclusively from

private individuals or groups only by considerably extending the scope

of the Convention. The travaux préparatoires on Article 3 (art. 3),

cited by the applicant, did not assist him since an amendment expressly

referring to the absolute character of the ban on proscribed treatment

had been withdrawn. In support of their contention, the Government

also relied on Article 1 of the Convention against Torture and

Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment adopted in

New York on 10 December 1984 which expressly includes an element of

intent in the definition of "torture". That text represented the most

recent statement of international law on the subject. Likewise, the

Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 relating to the Status of Refugees

required an element of intent on the part of the official authorities

before a person could be granted refugee status.

In any event, H.L.R. had not shown that the risk was real and

serious. The features of the case that were related to the applicant's

personal situation were based solely on his claims and were not

substantiated by any prima facie evidence. With respect to protection

by the authorities of the country of destination, it was impossible to

require total safety. Despite the means deployed by developed

countries, States were not always able to guarantee the security of,

for instance, the most senior members of the judiciary. In the instant

case, there was nothing to show that the Colombian authorities would

be unable to provide protection appropriate to the applicant's

situation. In conclusion, deporting him to his country of origin could

not be seen as a measure which would definitely and inevitably place

him in a situation where his life or his physical integrity would be

threatened.

33. The Court observes firstly that the Contracting States have the

right, as a matter of well-established international law, and subject

to their treaty obligations, including the Convention, to control the

entry, residence and expulsion of aliens (see the Vilvarajah and

Others v. the United Kingdom judgment of 30 October 1991, Series A

no. 215, p. 34, para. 102).

34. However, the expulsion of an alien by a Contracting State may

give rise to an issue under Article 3 (art. 3), and hence engage the

responsibility of that State under the Convention, where substantial

grounds have been shown for believing that the person in question, if

deported, would face a real risk of being subjected to treatment

contrary to Article 3 (art. 3) in the receiving country. In these

circumstances, Article 3 (art. 3) implies the obligation not to deport

the person in question to that country (see the Soering

v. the United Kingdom judgment of 7 July 1989, Series A no. 161, p. 35,

paras. 90-91; the Cruz Varas and Others v. Sweden judgment of

20 March 1991, Series A no. 201, p. 28, paras. 69-70; the

Vilvarajah and Others judgment cited above, p. 34, para. 103; the

Chahal v. the United Kingdom judgment of 15 November 1996, Reports of

Judgments and Decisions 1996-V, p. 1853, paras. 73-74, and p. 1855,

para. 80; and the Ahmed v. Austria judgment of 17 December 1996,

Reports 1996-VI, p. 2206, para. 39).

35. The Court further reiterates that Article 3 (art. 3), which

enshrines one of the fundamental values of democratic societies

(see the Soering judgment cited above, p. 34, para. 88), prohibits in

absolute terms torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,

irrespective of the victim's conduct (see the Ireland

v. the United Kingdom judgment of 18 January 1978, Series A no. 25,

p. 65, para. 163; the Chahal judgment cited above, p. 1855, para. 79;

and the Ahmed judgment cited above, pp. 2206-07, paras. 40-41).

36. Under the Convention system, the establishment of the facts is

primarily a matter for the Commission (Articles 28 para. 1 and 31)

(art. 28-1, art. 31). Accordingly it is only in exceptional

circumstances that the Court will use its powers in this area (see the

Cruz Varas and Others judgment cited above, p. 29, para. 74). However,

the Court is not bound by the findings in the Commission's report and

remains free to verify and to assess the facts itself.

37. In determining whether it has been shown that the applicant runs

a real risk, if deported to Colombia, of suffering treatment proscribed

by Article 3 (art. 3), the Court will assess the issue in the light of

all the material placed before it or, if necessary, material obtained

proprio motu (see the Vilvarajah and Others judgment cited above,

p. 36, para. 107). Furthermore, as the risk is assessed as at the date

the Court considers the case, it is necessary to take into account

information that has come to light since the case was examined by the

Commission.

38. The Court notes that on 14 May 1989 the applicant, who was

travelling from Colombia to Italy, was arrested in possession of drugs

while in transit at Roissy Airport. On being convicted of drug

trafficking, he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment and an order

was made permanently excluding him from French territory. While in

detention, he gave the names of three drug traffickers, which

subsequently enabled one of them to be identified on the basis of the

information the applicant had provided (see paragraph 9 above). The

order for the applicant's deportation was made on 26 April 1994 on the

ground that his presence on French territory represented a serious

threat to public order. He is currently subject to a compulsory

residence order in France.

39. It is therefore necessary to examine whether the foreseeable

consequences of H.L.R.'s deportation to Colombia are such as to bring

Article 3 (art. 3) into play. In the present case the source of the

risk on which the applicant relies is not the public authorities.

According to the applicant, it consists in the threat of reprisals by

drug traffickers, who may seek revenge because of certain statements

that he made to the French police, coupled with the fact that the

Colombian State is, he claims, incapable of protecting him from attacks

by such persons.

40. Owing to the absolute character of the right guaranteed, the

Court does not rule out the possibility that Article 3 of the

Convention (art. 3) may also apply where the danger emanates from

persons or groups of persons who are not public officials. However,

it must be shown that the risk is real and that the authorities of the

receiving State are not able to obviate the risk by providing

appropriate protection.

41. Like the Commission, the Court can but note the general situation

of violence existing in the country of destination. It considers,

however, that this circumstance would not in itself entail, in the

event of deportation, a violation of Article 3 (art. 3).

42. The documents from various sources produced in support of the

applicant's memorial provide insight into the tense atmosphere in

Colombia, but do not contain any indication of the existence of a

situation comparable to his own. Although drug traffickers sometimes

take revenge on informers, there is no relevant evidence to show in

H.L.R.'s case that the alleged risk is real. His aunt's letters cannot

by themselves suffice to show that the threat is real. Moreover, there

are no documents to support the claim that the applicant's personal

situation would be worse than that of other Colombians, were he to be

deported.

Amnesty International's reports for 1995 and 1996 do not provide

any information on the type of situation in which the applicant finds

himself. They describe acts of the security forces and guerilla

movements. Only in the 1995 report is there any reference, in a

context which is not relevant to the present case, to criminal acts

attributable to drug trafficking organisations.

43. The Court is aware, too, of the difficulties the

Colombian authorities face in containing the violence. The applicant

has not shown that they are incapable of affording him appropriate

protection.

44. In the light of these considerations, the Court finds that no

substantial grounds have been established for believing that the

applicant, if deported, would be exposed to a real risk of being

subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment within the meaning of

Article 3 (art. 3). It follows that there would be no violation of

Article 3 (art. 3) if the order for the applicant's deportation were

to be executed.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT

Holds by fifteen votes to six that there would be no violation

of Article 3 of the Convention (art. 3) if the order for the

applicant's deportation were to be executed.

Done in English and in French, and delivered at a public hearing

in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 29 April 1997.

Signed: Rolv RYSSDAL

President

Signed: Herbert PETZOLD

Registrar

In accordance with Article 51 para. 2 of the Convention

(art. 51-2) and Rule 53 para. 2 of Rules of Court A, the following

dissenting opinions are annexed to this judgment:

(a) dissenting opinion of Mr De Meyer;

(b) dissenting opinion of Mr Pekkanen, joined by

Mr Thór Vilhjálmsson, Mr Lopes Rocha and Mr Lohmus;

(c) dissenting opinion of Mr Jambrek.

Initialled: R. R.

Initialled: H. P.

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE DE MEYER

(Translation)

The considerations set out in paragraphs 41 to 43 of the judgment

are unconvincing and do not suffice to allay the fears about the fate

awaiting the applicant on his return to Colombia.

Rather they suggest that he will there face risks at least as

serious as those to which Mr Chahal would have been exposed had he been

sent back to India (1). I fully subscribe to what Mr Pekkanen says on

this subject (2), and to his conclusion in this case (3).

_______________

1. See the Chahal v. United Kingdom judgment of 15 November 1996,

Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-V, pp. 1859-62, paras. 98-107.

2. See his dissenting opinion below, para. 4.

3. Ibid., para. 5.

_______________

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PEKKANEN, JOINED BY

JUDGE THÓR VILHJÁLMSSON, JUDGE LOPES ROCHA AND JUDGE LOHMUS

1. I accept that H.L.R., as a convicted drug trafficker, must be

taken to have understood the consequences of his activities and of his

involvement with drug cartels. However, in spite of this, there can

be no denying that he is still entitled to protection under Article 3

of the Convention (art. 3).

It should be stressed that, while detained in France, H.L.R. had

given the names of three drug traffickers, one of whom was subsequently

identified on the basis of the information he had provided

(paragraph 38 of the judgment). It should not therefore be forgotten

that from the point of view of the drug cartel which recruited him,

H.L.R. was an "informer" and that criminal organisations are prone to

take harsh revenge on such persons in order to intimidate and deter

future "informers".

The real evidence showing that H.L.R's life would be at risk if

he were deported is, admittedly, quite meagre. But that is only to be

expected: killers seldom give advance warning before striking. In my

view to demand more concrete evidence from an applicant who has been

shown to be an "informer" is to impose an unrealistic burden on him.

For "informers" to meet such a fate is not unknown in Colombia.

According to a Joint Special Rapporteurs' Report of

16 January 1995 submitted to the United Nations Commission on

Human Rights on the situation in Colombia, numerous accounts were

received of the killing of persons accused by the guerillas of being

"informers" for the security forces. There is thus every reason to

believe that the much more powerful drug cartels would treat their

"informers" in the same fashion.

2. The probability of H.L.R. being subjected to treatment in

violation of Article 3 of the Convention (art. 3) if deported to

Colombia must also be assessed against the background of the general

situation regarding the protection of human rights in Colombia. In

this respect the above-mentioned report provides a revealing picture.

According to the Special Rapporteurs, Colombia, which has

36 million inhabitants, has one of the world's highest records of

homicide; in 1994 there were about 30,000 cases. In approximately 77%

of all cases it was not possible to ascertain who the perpetrators of

violations of the right to life were. This violence included

extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions and torture by

security forces and groups cooperating with them, particularly in the

context of counter-insurgency activities, but also with a view to

protecting particular economic privileges and interests, as well as

large-scale and grave abuses by armed insurgents and armed groups at

the service of drug traffickers or large land owners.

With the aid of their enormous financial resources the

drug cartels and individual drug traffickers have converted their

private armed groups into highly operational forces equipped with

sophisticated weapons. They are reported as having close links with

local military commanders and are active throughout the

national territory. In some instances private forces financed by

drug traffickers are said to cooperate with the security forces.

It is pointed out in the report that the deficiencies in the

administration of justice and the inability of the State authorities

to ensure security for the civilian population are important factors

contributing to the increased level of violence. Between 1982 and

1994, about 270 members of the judiciary are reported to have been

murdered. In respect of the 28,000 violent deaths that occurred in

Colombia during 1992, only 2,717 convictions were obtained through the

criminal justice system, i.e., in barely 10% of the cases.

3. Taking into account the huge commercial interests of drug cartels

and also the powerful position they occupy in Colombia, there is every

reason to believe that they have a vested interest in ensuring that

"informers" do not go unpunished. In the climate of lawlessness which

prevails in Colombia it must be an easy task for a drug cartel to track

down an "informer" and to take revenge on him. The ability of the

State authorities to protect an informer's life or even to bring his

murderers to justice can only be assessed, at the present time, as

being very limited.

4. In the case of Chahal v. the United Kingdom, the Court came to

the conclusion that despite the efforts of the Indian authorities to

bring about reform, problems persist with regard to observance of

human rights by certain members of security forces in Punjab and

elsewhere in India, and that the deportation of a well-known supporter

of Sikh separatism would have been likely to make him a target of

hard-line elements in the security forces. His deportation would thus

have violated Article 3 of the Convention (art. 3).

The Chahal case can be compared with the present case in that the

powerful private armies of drug cartels, which are known to have worked

in cooperation with members of the security forces, seem to be able to

operate with only limited hindrance by the State authorities. Bearing

in mind the overall situation with regard to human rights in Colombia

the applicant is, in my opinion, subject to as great a risk of

reprisals as the applicant in the Chahal case was. I reach the same

conclusion in this case as the Court did in the Chahal case.

5. In conclusion, these are, in my opinion, substantial reasons to

believe that H.L.R., if deported to Colombia, would face a real risk

of being subjected to treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention

(art. 3) by the drug cartel concerned. Since the Colombian State

authorities are not currently in a position to provide sufficient

protection against such treatment, I find that Article 3 of the

Convention (art. 3) would be violated if H.L.R. were to be deported to

Colombia.

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE JAMBREK

I regret that I am unable to join the majority in finding no

violation in the case of H.L.R. v. France. For me, the danger or

degree of risk run by the applicant, if deported to Colombia, of

suffering treatment proscribed by Article 3 (art. 3) is the most

important criterion. I agree that such a risk is more predictable when

the State authorities are involved. However, in my view, a clear

distinction cannot be made in abstracto between situations where the

danger comes from the State, or where there is complicity on the part

of the Government, or even where the State is non-existent and the

applicant cannot be protected. Therefore, an assessment must be made

in the light of the particular circumstances of each case.

The key reasons given in paragraphs 42 and 43 of the

present judgment did not convince me that the risk for the applicant

was not sufficiently documented as real and serious, and that the

Colombian authorities were capable of affording him appropriate

protection. Given that the applicant cooperated with the

French authorities while in detention, it would in my view be

appropriate for them to give him at least minimal protection against

the threat of reprisals by Colombian drug traffickers by refraining

from executing the order for his deportation.

On the other hand, it seems that his continued presence on

French territory would not represent such a threat to public order as

to outweigh the risk of his being subjected to treatment proscribed by

Article 3 (art. 3), if deported to Colombia. It does not seem to me

to be likely that he would continue with his criminal activities after

his recruitment by the drug traffickers had been exposed and he had

been punished.

Otherwise, I agree with most of the reasons given in

Judge Pekkanen's dissenting opinion.



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