- THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: We shall now give judgment in two conjoined applications for leave to appeal against conviction submitted by JP and
Lubemba.
They have been
referred
to the court by the
Registrar
to be heard together because they each
raise
the same issue, namely what measures a trial judge may legitimately take to protect a
vulnerable
witness, without impacting adversely on the
right
of an accused to a fair trial.
- In addition to the Contempt of Court Act order above, the provisions of the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992 apply to both applications. Where a sexual offence has been committed against a person, no matter
relating
to that person shall be included in any publication that is likely to lead members of the public to identify that person as the
victim
of the offence during their lifetime. This prohibition applies unless waived or lifted; it has not been waived or lifted. In the circumstances an order under section 39 of the Children and Young Person's Act 1933, the provisions of which are also engaged, is unnecessary.
The application in JP
The background
- The applicant JP was convicted of three counts of sexual assault of a child on 2nd May 2014 before His Honour Judge Huw Davies QC. He was sentenced to a total of three years.
- The child complainant was eight years old and a friend of the applicant's step-son. She became a
regular
visitor
to the applicant's home during 2013. On New Year's Eve 2013 the applicant walked her home from a party. When they arrived at her house the applicant's behaviour was considered strange by the child's mother and step-father.
- The applicant asked to see the complainant's newly decorated bedroom and went upstairs with her. Shortly afterwards they were followed by the complainant's step-father. He heard the applicant tell the complainant to give him a kiss. His step-daughter was lying on the bed. She was on her front with her face in her hands. The applicant was sitting on the bed with his hands on her hips, trying to
roll
her over. The complainant tried to push his arm away. On seeing the step-father, the applicant fell to the floor, saying, "Oh, you'
ve
got me" as if the complainant had just got the better of him in a play fight. The complainant
ran
downstairs.
- That night the complainant told her mother that the applicant attempted to kiss her on the mouth. After further questioning, she claimed that on earlier occasions he had taken her hand and put it on his penis over his trousers and he had put his hands down her knickers and touched her
vagina.
She said she had said nothing before because of his threats. The mother, enraged, went
round
to the applicant's house and assaulted him.
- On 1st January 2014 both the applicant and the complainant's mother contacted the police: the applicant
reported
the physical assault; the complainant's mother
reported
the sexual assault of her child.
- The applicant was arrested and interviewed. He denied any improper behaviour claiming innocent physical contact had been misinterpreted.
- At the plea and case management hearing a week before trial the
Recorder
of Cardiff gave special measures directions. The child's
video
interview, in which she gave a clear and concise account, was to be played as her evidence-in-chief and she was to be cross-examined by defence counsel, Mr Bennett, using the live link. He undertook to limit his questioning and to conduct his cross-examination in accordance with the Advocate's Gateway Toolkit. All parties agreed that the complainant, described as an intelligent and capable witness, was willing and able to attend court to be examined and that the services of an intermediary were not
required.
- On 28th April 2014 the complainant attended court to be cross-examined over the live link. Prosecuting counsel, then Mr Elias, went to see her in the child witness waiting
room.
She was with her mother and step-father. He then took defence counsel with him to introduce him to the child. Both counsel felt she was
relaxed
and content. Neither she nor her parents expressed any concern about the forthcoming questioning.
- The transcript suggests that at this stage the judge also went to see her. However, Mr Bennett has informed us he had no knowledge of this.
- The complainant was then shown her
video
interview in the presence of an usher and a
representative
from Witness Care. Given the timing of events and the fast tracking of the trial, it had not been possible to show her the interview before. The judge expressed concern about the timing of this. On advising her that the barristers would ask her questions, the complainant confirmed that she was "perfectly willing for this to happen".
- After seeing her
video
interview the complainant
received
another
visit
from the judge, again without counsel. The judge
returned
to court and announced, with no warning, that the complainant was "not even managing to communicate in monosyllables on ... neutral subjects". In his opinion the child could not participate in cross-examination, however sensitively done. Both counsel protested that this was not their understanding of the situation. Mr Bennett
referred
the judge to the applicant's
right
to a fair trial under Article 6 of the European Convention. Supported by Mr Elias, he urged the judge to let him at least try and ask a few questions to see whether the witness could communicate. Unfortunately, perhaps because they were both somewhat taken aback by events, neither of them
referred
the judge to the law (other than Article 6) and in particular the
relevant
statutory provisions that permit the playing of a
recorded
interview as the child's evidence in chief.
- The judge would not be moved. He informed defence counsel he would not permit any questioning of the child, but indicated that the defence would be allowed the
rest
of the day to prepare a document to be placed before the jury, containing any points the defence would have wished to have made to the witness. We have a copy of that document.
- The trial proceeded. The
video
interview was played as the only evidence of the child. Her parents and the applicant gave evidence. In his summing-up the judge gave the jury the standard direction on the use of
video
recorded
interviews. He explained her absence from the trial in this way at page 6, letter E:
"It was my assessment that [the complainant] would not have been able to deal with further questions from people like us that would have added anything useful to the material with which you have to work.
In such circumstances there is a potential for imbalance in the evidence, to which the jury needs to be alert, and if you think there was any disadvantage to the defence from [the complainant's] inability to participate in further questioning, then you should make an appropriate allowance for that in your deliberations. In addition, you should consider carefully the points which are set out in the document which the defence put before you on the morning after [the complainant] has given evidence."
- The jury
requested
to see the
video
interview again during their
retirement.
The judge directed the jury in these terms at page 35, letter F:
"... and as I shall
remind
you tomorrow, it is
very
important, since you will be seeing part of the evidence for the prosecution again, that you should not allow the
replaying
of the
video
recording
to give an undue significance to that part of the evidence. It will be
very
important that you keep it in proportion, given that you will be having the opportunity to
view
a second time and to hear a second time one of the witnesses in the case. So what I will need you to understand is that you should therefore guard
very
carefully against giving disproportionate, in other words unfair weight, to the evidence of a witness whom you have had the opportunity to hear twice, in contrast to any other witness in the case.
In anticipation of your seeing [the complainant's] evidence again, I will call your attention now to the document in which the defence set out material that they would have
raised,
if it had been possible were this, for example, a case in which there had been no such problem; the material that they would have addressed one way or another in the course of cross-examination. So bear that carefully in mind after tomorrow when you have seen [the complainant's]
video
replayed."
The ground of appeal
- In JP there is one ground of appeal: that the judge erred in preventing cross-examination of the complainant so that the applicant did not have a fair trial and his convictions are unsafe.
- Mr Bennett began by emphasising that the complainant was the Crown's main witness. Without her there was little or no case against the applicant. It was only just, therefore, for the defence to be given a
reasonable
opportunity to test what she said. Mr Bennett knew of no
reason
for the judge to intervene and
rule
in the way that he did. Apart from her age, the complainant showed no other
vulnerability
and appeared well able to cope with questioning. Even if the judge's concerns were justified, Mr Bennett argued that he should have been allowed to try test her evidence in some way. The document that the defence was allowed to place before the jury did not undo the prejudice caused by the judge's conduct. Furthermore, additional prejudice was caused when the jury saw a second screening of the complainant's
video
interview in their
retirement.
Respondent's
response
- Mr Douglas-Jones, who now
represents
the prosecution, conceded that the judge's
ruling
was wrong. There was no need to prevent cross-examination. He also acknowledged a number of procedural errors. Nevertheless, he sought
valiantly
to persuade us that the convictions are safe.
- The first procedural error conceded was that the judge and the parties failed to consider the provisions of section 27 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 ("the Act"), whereby the
video
interview of the complainant was admissible as evidence-in-chief. In particular the judge failed to consider the provisions of subsection (5) which provides
(5) Where a
recording
is admitted under this section -
(a) the witness must be called by the party tendering it in evidence, unless -
(i) a special measures direction provides for the witness's evidence on cross-examination to be given otherwise than by testimony in court, or
(ii) the parties to the proceedings have agreed as mentioned in subsection (4)(a)(ii); ...
- Neither paragraphs (i) or (ii) above applied. Thus the judge was obliged to consider whether the
recording
was still admissible in the light of a
ruling
that prevented the prosecution from calling the witness.
- The second procedural error conceded was that the judge and the parties failed to consider the provisions of sections 53 and 54 of the Act
relating
to whether the witness was competent to answer questions. Section 53, where
relevant,
provides:
"(1) At every stage in criminal proceedings all persons are (whatever their age) competent to give evidence.
...
(3) A person is not competent to give evidence in criminal proceedings if it appears to the court that he is not a person who is able to -
(a) understand questions put to him as a witness, and
(b) give answers to them which can be understood."
- The complainant was not therefore deemed incompetent because of her age. She could only be assessed as incompetent if the provisions of subsection 3 (a) and (b) applied. The judge did not suggest that they did, and if so what effect that would have on the admissibility of the
video.
Further if the judge was considering the competence of the witness, the provisions of section 54 were
relevant.
The section provides:
"(1) Any question whether a witness in criminal proceedings is competent to give evidence in the proceedings, whether
raised
-
(a) by a party to the proceedings, or
(b) by the court of its own motion, shall be determined by the court in accordance with this section.
(2) It is for the party calling the witness to satisfy the court that, on a balance of probabilities, the witness is competent to give evidence in the proceedings.
(3) In determining the question mentioned in subsection (1) the court shall treat the witness as having the benefit of any directions under section 19 [special measures] which the court has given, or proposes to give, in
relation
to the witness.
(4) Any proceedings held for the determination of the question shall take place in the absence of the jury (if there is one).
(5) Expert evidence may be
received
on the question.
(6) Any questioning of the witness (where the court considers that necessary) shall be conducted by the court in the presence of the parties."
- The judge gave no consideration to the witness having the benefit of additional special measures such as an intermediary as he was bound to do. He did not call for expert evidence and he questioned the child for the purposes of establishing if she could give evidence on his own.
- Notwithstanding these significant failings, Mr Douglas-Jones sought to persuade us that the judge
remedied
the potential for unfairness by allowing the defence the unusual advantage of placing a document before the jury. It contained all the matters upon which the defence would have
relied
in testing the complainant's evidence. Thereafter the judge gave careful and
repeated
directions to the jury. Mr Douglas-Jones also observed that there was ample scope to explore the complainant's credibility and
reliability
in cross-examination of her step-father and her mother. Finally, he
relied
on the strength of the prosecution case, in particular the fact that the complainant's evidence on count 3 was corroborated by her step-father.
Lubemba
- The facts of the application in
Lubemba
can be more shortly stated. He was convicted on 7th March 2014 at the Wood Green Crown Court before His Honour Judge Carr of two counts of
rape
of a child by a majority of ten to two on count 3 and unanimously on count 4. He was later sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment.
- The complainant, a ten-year-old girl, used to
visit
the applicant and his partner in the school holidays. During the weekend of 7th September 2013 the complainant told her mother of alleged abuse during the previous summer holidays. The police were informed. The complainant was medically examined but the findings were neutral.
- In her Achieving Best Evidence interview she claimed she had been
raped
ten times in July and August 2013. Her allegations were
reflected
in a four-count indictment, the first two of which were multiple offending counts (later withdrawn at the instigation of the judge) and the second two were specific counts of
vaginal
and anal
rape.
- In
relation
to the
vaginal
rape,
the complainant said she had been watching television with her nephew when the applicant told her to follow him upstairs. She
refused
but he grabbed her hand and pulled her. She was carrying her nephew. She kicked the applicant in the back and tried to throw a shoe at him. He took her to the main bedroom and put her nephew on a mattress beside the bed. He then
removed
his clothes and hers. He gave her nephew a sweet to stop him crying. He used both hands to hold down her shoulders, forced her legs apart and inserted his penis in her
vagina.
He left and had a shower. She got up and dressed, took her nephew downstairs and cried. He threatened to kill her if she told anybody what he had done.
- She described in
very
similar terms the final occasion of
rape.
The only significant difference in her account was that on this occasion it was anal, not
vaginal,
rape
that she alleged.
- The applicant was arrested on 7th and interviewed on 8th September 2013. He denied the allegations claiming that they had been fabricated.
- The complainant's
video
was played to the jury and the judge allowed defence counsel, Ms Akuwudike, to cross-examine the witness. However, he imposed certain
restrictions
upon her. He limited her cross-examination to 45 minutes and he interrupted when he felt her questions were unclear or inappropriate. Following the cross-examination, and in the absence of the jury, Ms Akuwudike expressed her concern that she had not been permitted to put her case to the complainant. Those concerns were
rejected
by the judge.
The grounds of appeal
- Ms Akuwudike
reminded
the court, as Mr Bennett had done in JP, that the complainant was the only effective witness in the prosecution case against her lay client. In
Lubemba
there was no suggestion of corroboration from any other witnesses.
- Ms Akuwudike has four main criticisms about the
restrictions
placed upon her. First, given the nature of the case against the applicant, and the number of alleged acts of
rape,
she insists that she should have been allowed more than 45 minutes to cross-examine the complainant. Second, she complains that the judge prevented her from putting her lay client's case to the complainant, directing her on a number of occasions "don't put your case". Third, she alleges that the judge interrupted her cross-examination, thereby disrupting the flow of her questioning, and undermining her in the presence of the jury. Fourth, a number of judge's comments such as "she is only ten years old" she described as inappropriate. They may have alienated the jury from her and the applicant and attracted the sympathy of the jury towards the complainant.
- She invited us to note that the complainant in this case was not an unusually
vulnerable
witness. She was
vulnerable
solely be
reason
of her age; she was otherwise a perfectly competent and capable child.
- Ms Akuwudike has taken us through the judge's interruptions, which she submits were unnecessary and excessive and which prevented her putting her case in the time available. When pressed as to what matter she had been unable to put, she informed us of only one: a crime
report
in which the child was
recorded
as complaining that the applicant had offered to buy her gifts and had not supplied them. This was said to be
relevant
in establishing a motive for the child to lie. Albeit the judge did not say anything to bring her cross-examination to an end, she claimed she did not have the opportunity to ask about it because she was conscious of what she called his "clock watching".
Respondent's
response
- Ms Milsom for the Crown
reminded
the court that the judge explained
very
carefully to the jury that he had prevented certain aspects of defence counsel's cross-examination in order to minimise the distress and discomfort to a young witness and to improve the quality of her evidence. She maintains he only interrupted the cross-examination in order to clarify and assist the complainant understand the questions, in line with
relevant
authorities. He interrupted eleven times at most. She
rejected
the suggestion that the time limit was unfair given the child's age. She observed that there was, in truth, one narrow and straightforward issue namely: was the complainant telling the truth. Testing this issue did not
require
lengthy questioning. The judge
repeatedly
gave fair and sensible directions about the age of the complainant, the difficulties faced by all parties and the need to examine the facts without sympathy or emotion.
The treatment of
vulnerable
witnesses
- The treatment of
vulnerable
witnesses has changed considerably in the last few years. In
R
v
Barker [2010] EWCA Crim 4, a specially constituted court of the Court of Appeal Criminal Division, presided over by Lord Judge CJ, considered the circumstances in which
very
young children may give evidence. Having
referred
to section 53 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999, the court observed at paragraphs 38 to 43:
"38. These statutory provisions are not limited to the evidence of children. They apply to individuals of unsound mind. They apply to the infirm. The question in each case is whether the individual witness, or, as in this case, the individual child, is competent to give evidence in the particular trial. The question is entirely witness or child specific. There are no presumptions or preconceptions. The witness need not understand the special importance that the truth should be told in court, and the witness need not understand every single question or give a
readily
understood answer to every question. Many competent adult witnesses would fail such a competency test. Dealing with it broadly and fairly, provided the witness can understand the questions put to him and can also provide understandable answers, he or she is competent. If the witness cannot understand the questions or his answers to questions which he understands cannot themselves be understood he is not. The questions come, of course, from both sides. If the child is called as a witness by the prosecution he or she must have the ability to understand the questions put to him by the defence as well as the prosecution and to provide answers to them which are understandable. The provisions of the statute are clear and unequivocal, and do not
require
reinterpretation.
(
R
v
MacPherson [2006] 1 CAR 30:
R
v
Powell [2006] 1 CAR 31:
R
v
M [2008] EWCA Crim 2751 and
R
v
Malicki [2009] EWCA Crim 365.)
39. We should perhaps add that although the distinction is a fine one, whenever the competency question is addressed, what is
required
is not the exercise of a discretion but the making of a judgment, that is whether the witness fulfils the statutory criteria. In short, it is not open to the judge to create or impose some additional but non-statutory criteria based on the approach of earlier generations to the evidence of small children. In particular, although the chronological age of the child will inevitably help to inform the judicial decision about competency, in the end the decision is a decision about the individual child and his or her competence to give evidence in the particular trial.
40. We emphasise that in our collective experience the age of a witness is not determinative on his or her ability to give truthful and accurate evidence. Like adults some children will provide truthful and accurate testimony, and some will not. However children are not miniature adults, but children, and to be treated and judged for what they are, not what they will, in years ahead, grow to be. Therefore, although due allowance must be made in the trial process for the fact that they are children with, for example, a shorter attention span than most adults, none of the characteristics of childhood, and none of the special measures which apply to the evidence of children carry with them the implicit stigma that children should be deemed in advance to be somehow less
reliable
than adults. The purpose of the trial process is to identify the evidence which is
reliable
and that which is not, whether it comes from an adult or a child. If competent, as defined by the statutory criteria, in the context of credibility in the forensic process, the child witness starts off on the basis of equality with every other witness. In trial by jury, his or her credibility is to be assessed by the jury, taking into account every specific personal characteristic which may bear on the issue of credibility, along with the
rest
of the available evidence.
41. The judge determines the competency question, by distinguishing carefully between the issues of competence and credibility. At the stage when the competency question is determined the judge is not deciding whether a witness is or will be telling the truth and giving accurate evidence. Provided the witness is competent, the weight to be attached to the evidence is for the jury.
42. The trial process must, of course, and increasingly has, catered for the needs of child witnesses, as indeed it has increasingly catered for the use of adult witnesses whose evidence in former years would not have been heard, by, for example, the now well understood and
valuable
use of intermediaries. In short, the competency test is not failed because the forensic techniques of the advocate (in particular in
relation
to cross-examination) or the processes of the court (for example, in
relation
to the patient expenditure of time) have to be adapted to enable the child to give the best evidence of which he or she is capable. At the same time the
right
of the defendant to a fair trial must be undiminished. When the issue is whether the child is lying or mistaken in claiming that the defendant behaved indecently towards him or her, it should not be over-problematic for the advocate to formulate short, simple questions which put the essential elements of the defendant's case to the witness, and fully to
ventilate
before the jury the areas of evidence which bear on the child's credibility. Aspects of evidence which undermine or are believed to undermine the child's credibility must, of course, be
revealed
to the jury, but it is not necessarily appropriate for them to form the subject matter of detailed cross-examination of the child and the advocate may have to forego much of the kind of contemporary cross-examination which consists of no more than comment on matters which will be before the jury in any event from different sources. Notwithstanding some of the difficulties, when all is said and done, the witness whose cross-examination is in contemplation is a child, sometimes
very
young, and it should not take
very
lengthy cross-examination to demonstrate, when it is the case, that the child may indeed be fabricating, or fantasising, or imagining, or
reciting
a well
rehearsed
untruthful script, learned by
rote,
or simply just suggestible, or contaminated by or in collusion with others to make false allegations, or making assertions in language which is beyond his or her level of comprehension, and therefore likely to be derived from another source. Comment on the evidence, including comment on evidence which may bear adversely on the credibility of the child, should be addressed after the child has finished giving evidence.
43. The competency test may be
re-analysed
at the end of the child's evidence. This extra statutory jurisdiction is a judicial creation, clearly established in a number of decisions of this court (
R
v
MacPherson:
R
v
Powell:
R
v
M:
R
v
Malicki; see to the contrary effect DPP
v
R
[2007] EWHC 1842 (Admin)), where it was emphasised that an asserted loss of memory by a witness does not necessarily justify the conclusion that the appropriate level of understanding is absent). If we were inclined to do so, and we are not, it would be too late to question this jurisdiction. This second test should be
viewed
as an element in the defendant's entitlement to a fair trial, at which he must be, and must have been, provided with a
reasonable
opportunity to challenge the allegations against him, a
valuable
adjunct to the process, just because it provides an additional safeguard for the defendant. If the child witness has been unable to provide intelligible answers to questions in cross-examination (as in Powell) or a meaningful cross-examination was impossible (as in Malicki) the first competency decision will not have produced a fair trial, and in that event, the evidence admitted on the basis of a competency decision which turned out to be wrong could
reasonably
be excluded under section 78 of the 1984 Act. The second test should be seen in that context, but, and it is an important but, the judge is not addressing credibility questions at that stage of the process any more than he was when conducting the first competency test."
- In
R
v
Wills [2011] EWCA Crim 1938, [2012] 1 Cr App
R
2, the court endorsed the Barker approach and the approach of the Advocacy Training Council (the "ATC") as set out in their
report
entitled "
Raising
the Bar: the Handling of
Vulnerable
Witnesses,
Victims
and Defendants in Court".
- Experts in the field
responded
to the ATC's
recommendations
and produced Toolkits on how to treat
vulnerable
witnesses fairly and to get the best from them, without undermining the accused's
right
to a fair trial. The Toolkits may be downloaded at no cost from the Advocates Gateway Website. They provide excellent practical guides and are to be commended. They have been endorsed by the Lord Chief Justice in the Criminal Practice Directions Amendment No2 as best practice. The Directions include at 3E.4 the following:
"All witnesses, including the defendant and defence witnesses, should be enabled to give the best evidence they can. In
relation
to young and/or
vulnerable
people, this may mean departing
radically
from traditional cross-examination. The form and extent of appropriate cross-examination will
vary
from case to case. For adult non
vulnerable
witnesses an advocate will usually put his case so that the witness will have the opportunity of commenting upon it and/or answering it. When the witness is young or otherwise
vulnerable,
the court may dispense with the normal practice and impose
restrictions
on the advocate 'putting his case' where there is a
risk
of a young or otherwise
vulnerable
witness failing to understand, becoming distressed or acquiescing to leading questions. Where limitations on questioning are necessary and appropriate, they must be clearly defined. The judge has a duty to ensure that they are complied with and should explain them to the jury and the
reasons
for them. If the advocate fails to comply with the limitations, the judge should give
relevant
directions to the jury when that occurs and prevent further questioning that does not comply with the ground
rules
settled upon in advance. Instead of commenting on inconsistencies during cross-examination, following discussion between the judge and the advocates, the advocate or judge may point out important inconsistencies after (instead of during) the witness's evidence. The judge should also
remind
the jury of these during summing up. The judge should be alert to alleged inconsistencies that are not in fact inconsistent, or are trivial."
- Further, considerable progress has been made in terms of the provision of training for judges and advocates. The aim of the training, which all judges who try cases involving
vulnerable
witness are expected to undergo, echoes the aim of the Toolkits.
- The court is
required
to take every
reasonable
step to encourage and facilitate the attendance of
vulnerable
witnesses and their participation in the trial process. To that end, judges are taught, in accordance with the Criminal Practice Directions, that it is best practice to hold hearings in advance of the trial to ensure the smooth
running
of the trial, to give any special measures directions and to set the ground
rules
for the treatment of a
vulnerable
witness. We would expect a ground
rules
hearing in every case involving a
vulnerable
witness, save in
very
exceptional circumstances. If there are any doubts on how to proceed, guidance should be sought from those who have the
responsibility
for looking after the witness and or an expert.
- In general, experts
recommend
that the trial judge should introduce him or herself to the witness in person before any questioning, preferably in the presence of the parties. This seems to us to be an entirely
reasonable
step to take to put the witness at their ease where possible. The ground
rules
hearing should cover, amongst other matters, the general care of the witness, if, when and where the witness is to be shown their
video
interview, when, where and how the parties (and the judge if identified) intend to introduce themselves to the witness, the length of questioning and frequency of breaks and the nature of the questions to be asked. So as to avoid any unfortunate misunderstanding at trial, it would be an entirely
reasonable
step for a judge at the ground
rules
hearing to invite defence advocates to
reduce
their questions to writing in advance.
- Considerable emphasis is also placed in judicial training on the
role
of the judge at trial. The trial judge is
responsible
for controlling questioning and ensuring that
vulnerable
witnesses and defendants are enabled to give the best evidence they can. The judge has a duty to intervene, therefore, if an advocate's questioning is confusing or inappropriate.
- Professional organisations such as the Inns of Court provide training and guidance along similar lines for advocates. It is now generally accepted that if justice is to be done to the
vulnerable
witness and also to the accused, a
radical
departure from the traditional style of advocacy will be necessary. Advocates must adapt to the witness, not the other way
round.
They cannot insist upon any supposed
right
"to put one's case" or previous inconsistent statements to a
vulnerable
witness. If there is a
right
to "put one's case" (about which we have our doubts) it must be modified for young or
vulnerable
witnesses. It is perfectly possible to ensure the jury are made aware of the defence case and of significant inconsistencies without intimidation or distressing a witness (see for example paragraph 3E.4 of the Criminal Practice Directions).
- With those observations in mind, we turn to our conclusions.
Conclusions
JP
- As far as the application in JP is concerned, we unhesitatingly give leave. With
respect
to the judge, who no doubt had the child's best interests at heart, we simply do not understand what he was saying as a matter of law, why he concluded the child could not be cross examined and why he did not allow defence counsel to try a few sensitively phrased questions. It is not clear to us whether he had concluded the child was not competent to give evidence, not fit to give evidence, or it would not be good for her to give evidence. These difficulties might not have arisen had it been arranged for him to introduce himself to the witness at the same time as the advocates did.
- The judge's approach was wrong in a number of
respects.
If his
visit
was designed to assess her competence, he should have taken the parties with him or used the live link in their presence. He should not have questioned her alone (See section 54 (6) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999). If his
visit
was merely designed to introduce himself properly to her and he unexpectedly began to question her ability to participate, he should have informed the parties of his concerns and sought their submissions, before making a
ruling.
He should have considered whether any other special measures such as the services of an intermediary might benefit the witness (section 54 (3)). Furthermore, he could have considered calling for an expert to assist him.
- If he had then concluded, on a sound basis, that the witness could not be cross-examined, he should have
re-visited
the provisions of section 27 of the Act and the decision to allow the
video
recording
to be played. He should have considered whether or not it was admissible where the prosecution could not tender the witness as
required
by section 27 (5) of the Act. Finally, and most importantly, the judge should have openly and clearly given far greater consideration to the impact upon the fairness of the trial of prohibiting the defence from testing the evidence of the main prosecution witness.
- In all those circumstances we feel that we have no choice but to allow the appeal and to quash the conviction. We will hear submissions in a moment as to whether or not a
re-trial
is sought.
Lubemba
- In
Lubemba,
on the other hand, Judge Carr did not go too far in trying to protect a
vulnerable
witness. As we have already explained, a trial judge is not only entitled, he is duty bound to control the questioning of a witness. He is not obliged to allow a defence advocate to put their case. He is entitled to and should set
reasonable
time limits and to interrupt where he considers questioning is inappropriate.
- We have no doubt Ms Akuwudike was doing her best to examine the child in short, non-confrontational questions; she was far from aggressive. But, as she herself conceded, she fell into the trap of asking questions which were more suited to an adult witness than a child. Many of her questions were what are called "tag" questions which children find confusing, some of her questions were simply too long and some too complex. In our
view,
the judge was bound to intervene when he did. The interruptions were not excessive, they were justified, and they did not prevent counsel from testing the evidence. We note that Ms Akuwudike sat down stating that she had no further questions before the judge had a chance to impose any kind of guillotine upon her. This does not surprise us. As Ms Milsom observed, the issues were extremely straightforward and Ms Akuwudike had ample time to put what she needed to put in the time allowed. If any matters
remained
that the defence considered important, such as the crime
report,
it would have been open to Ms Akuwudike to ask for a little more time and or she could have invited the prosecution to make admissions.
- We are satisfied, therefore, that the judge exercised his case management powers entirely
reasonably
and did nothing to undermine the fairness of the trial. We
refuse
leave to appeal against conviction.
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: As far as
Lubemba
is concerned, Ms Akuwudike, I do not think anything follows from our decision so thank you
very
much, you may leave if you wish.
As far as JP is concerned, Mr Douglas-Jones?
MR DOUGLAS-JONES: My Lady, inevitably the Crown would seek a
re-trial
in a case of this nature, given the seriousness of the allegations and the circumstances in which they arose. A three year sentence
resulted
from the conviction in this case in total and the appellant has served five months merely.
What I would
respectfully
suggest is this. In circumstances where this court has taken steps to ensure that this case has been heard expeditiously, I wonder if your Ladyship would direct that the
re-trial
should take place before the end of this term.
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: We can certainly direct it is fit for expedition, if we order a
retrial,
but the Presiding Judges of the Welsh Circuit might have something to say if we directed them to get it on before the end of term. I know they would do everything possible. We could say that it is a case that should be expedited if at all possible.
I have not asked for any submissions from you, Mr Bennett, but I do not think you can
really
argue against a
re-trial,
can you?
MR BENNETT: It is a matter for the Crown. There should be some time, I think, for the family of the child to be spoken to. They may have some influence on whether it is necessarily in her good, and therefore the public good, to
re-hear
the matter again.
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: I think we can take it that that is what the Crown have already done.
MR BENNETT: One matter I sought to
raise
was the appellant's bail position. He had in fact been on conditional bail.
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: Can we come to that in a second.
We allow the appeal. We quash the conviction. There will be a
re-trial
on counts 1, 2 and 3. We direct that a fresh indictment be served. We direct that the appellant, as he now is, be
re-arraigned
on the fresh indictment within two months. We also direct that, if possible, the
re-trial
should be expedited.
Now, we come to the question of custody or bail. Yes, Mr Bennett.
MR BENNETT: My Lady, the defendant has some dissimilar
relatively
minor convictions, I think there is a drink driving and there may be a matter of disorder as well, but certainly no previous sexual offending to his name. He was on bail entirely before the trial, entirely during the trial and in fact was only
remanded
at the
very
end after he was convicted. There was no indication at all from the Crown that he ever imposed a danger of committing offences whilst on conditional bail. He, of course, was the subject of conditions to keep away from and not approach or contact the named prosecution witnesses, and he was not allowed in fact to
reside
at his own family home, which in fact was
relatively
close in terms of distance to that of the complainant. But I am bound to say in the circumstances I would ask the court to consider granting this man bail as before on the same conditions.
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: Thank you.
Any observations from the Crown?
MR DOUGLAS-JONES: My Lady, no. Plainly it is appropriate though that if he be
re-admitted
to bail, as he was before the trial, that those conditions should be
reinstated.
(The Bench conferred for a short time)
- - - - -
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: Mr Bennett, Mr Douglas-Jones, we have concerns about where he would live if
released
on bail. There have already been unfortunate incidents and I suspect the decision of this court may not go down that well in certain quarters. We do not want any interference with witnesses or any trouble. How do we ensure there is no witness interference or any trouble if we were to grant bail?
MR DOUGLAS-JONES: My Lady, my
respectful
suggestion would be that I take instructions from those instructing me in
relation
to what matters are on the central management system so that the conditions can be tailored precisely to those
risks.
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: The conditions were not to contact the complainant or any other prosecution witness, not to enter any part of a dwelling where there is a young child. That is it. No condition of
residence.
For my part, I am not happy with that.
MR DOUGLAS-JONES: No. My Lady, there are two options. One is that I be afforded, if you are prepared to allow it, time to take instructions. The other option is that he be
remanded
pro tem under paragraph 5 and the matter can be taken up by an application in the Crown Court.
MR JUSTICE SWEENEY: Where is it proposed that he would
reside?
MR BENNETT: He has a number of
relatives
living in the area who are prepared to take him in.
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: Well, it is the area that I am worried about.
MR BENNETT: It certainly is
right
that he should not go anywhere near the current address of the complainant and her family.
One of the complicating factors that arose in the course of his bail position in the trial was that one of the children, not his natural child, living with him at his home address was the subject of some sort of guardianship order and they objected to him having access to that household after the allegations were levelled against him, so in fact the bail conditions had been tailored to prevent him having contact with any young child including his own or his own step children, so that in fact prevented him from going to live back at his former home address. So he was keeping out of the area altogether on the basis that he was not even entitled to go back to his own home address.
THE
VICE
PRESIDENT: For my part, I would need a condition of
residence,
I would want to know where that
residence
was, I would want to know who lived in the household. There are a number of questions. You will not be able to persuade me on the information you have at the moment, so I think, unless my colleagues disagree, we should follow the course that Mr Douglas-Jones has proposed, and that is that you can make any bail application to the Crown Court. Our order will be that he is
remanded
in custody unless and until a Crown Court judge decides otherwise.
We need to make sure that there is nothing
reported
until the conclusion of the
re-trial
which might prejudice it. We shall include in the perfected judgment the appropriate order.
The
venue
for the
re-trial
will be determined by the presiding judge of the Wales Circuit.
Applications for a
representation
order: Mr Bennett, apparently you have to make them to the Centralised Legal Aid Unit. The
Registrar will tell you.