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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> First-tier Tribunal (Tax) >> SSE Generation Ltd v Revenue & Customs (INCOME TAX/CORPORATION TAX : Capital allowances) [2018] UKFTT 416 (TC) (31 July 2018) URL: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKFTT/TC/2018/TC06618.html Cite as: [2018] UKFTT 416 (TC) |
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Appeal number: TC/2015/02408
Corporation tax – capital
allowances – sections 11 and 21-23 Capital Allowances Act 2001 – plant and
machinery allowances on expenditure incurred in construction and
rectification works on underground hydroelectric power scheme – water
intakes, network of aqueducts leading to reservoir, underground headrace and
tailrace, caverns housing the |
FIRST-TIER TRIBUNAL
TAX CHAMBER
|
|
Appellant |
-and-
|
THE COMMISSIONERS FOR HER MAJESTY’S REVENUE AND CUSTOMS |
Respondents |
TRIBUNAL: |
JUDGE KEVIN POOLE |
Sitting in public at the Royal Courts of Justice, London on 22-25 May 2017
Jonathan Peacock QC and Michael Ripley for the Appellant
Timothy Brennan QC and Aparna Nathan, instructed by the General Counsel and Solicitor to HM Revenue and Customs, for the Respondents
©
CROWN COPYRIGHT 2018
DECISION
1.
This consolidated appeal relates to the
treatment, for capital allowance purposes, of various
parts of a hydroelectric
power
generation
scheme at Glendoe, near Loch Ness in Scotland (“the Scheme”).
It considers the eligibility for plant and machinery allowances, under Part 2
of the Capital Allowances Act 2001 (“CAA”), of
various
components of the Scheme.
At this stage, the parties sought a decision in principle on the
various
disputed items, on the basis that quantum could be determined at a later stage
by the Tribunal if not agreed between the parties. In broad terms, the total
cost of building the Scheme (including rectification works) was some £300
million. Capital allowances have been claimed on some £260 million of that
expenditure, of which
HMRC
have accepted some £34 million. Approximately £227
million remains in dispute.
2.
I received a witness statement and heard oral
testimony from Jim Smith, Managing Director of Generation
of the appellant. Mr
Smith is an engineer by background and has been with the appellant and its
associated companies since 1988. During the period relevant to this appeal, he
was Director of Major Projects for the appellant and the Glendoe project was
under his supervision. His evidence was clear, reliable and largely
uncontentious.
3.
I also received a bundle of documents. Much of the material
comprised various
accounts, tax computations and similar documents but it also
included a great deal of detailed material concerning the construction, repair
and operation of the Scheme.
4.
I also had the benefit of a site visit
to the Scheme, which
assisted my understanding greatly.
5.
The parties had produced a statement of agreed facts and issues,
but unfortunately (apart from uncontentious administrative or procedural
matters concerning the various
corporation tax returns, associated closure
notices and so on) no useful agreements were reached as to the facts.
6. I find the following facts.
7.
The group of companies of which the appellant is part was at all
material times a broadly-based energy enterprise, involved in generation,
transmission, distribution and supply of electricity, the production, storage,
distribution and supply of gas and
various
associated energy services. As at
February 2016, it owned and/or operated total electricity
generation
capacity
of 11,733 MW in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, including gas, coal-fired
and renewable
generation
methods. Of that total, 3,394 MW was renewable
energy, comprising hydro-electric, pumped storage, onshore wind and offshore
wind capacity.
8.
As part of that portfolio, the appellant constructed and operates
the Scheme at Glendoe near the southern end of Loch Ness, some 35 miles south-west
of Inverness and 2 miles east of Fort Augustus. It is the first large-scale
hydroelectric scheme with a conventional hydraulic head feed built in the UK in
the last 50 years, and is capable of producing 100MW of power. Because of the
volume
of water available to it from the relevant catchment areas, it can only
operate for some 18% to 20% of the time. The nature of its design means it can
be brought online within a matter of minutes when the need arises.
9. Construction of the Scheme began in February 2006 and was completed in December 2008. It was officially opened by Her Majesty the Queen on 29 June 2009. Shortly after that, it was discovered that major remedial works were required to deal with problems caused by a subterranean rockfall (see below). Those rectification works commenced in 2010, the Scheme only becoming fully operational again in August 2012.
10. This appeal is concerned with expenditure incurred in both the original construction of the Scheme and in the subsequent remedial works.
11.
The Scheme consists of a number of different elements, and there
is disagreement about the treatment, for capital allowance purposes, of most of
them. Starting from the highest point of the Scheme and working down, the
various
elements are as follows:
(1)
Water intakes. The Scheme uses water, collected over two
discrete natural catchment areas totalling some 75 square kilometres. The
water from the two catchment areas would otherwise all feed into Loch Killin or
the River Tarff. Instead, a network of 17 main water intakes and 8 minor
intakes from various
different streams feeds part of that water into a network
of conduits of
various
types which form the next part of the Scheme.
Approximately 60% of the water used in the Scheme is diverted in this way, only
about 40% would naturally end up in the reservoir referred to below. More
detail about the different types of water intakes is given at [12] to [14] below.
(2) Conduits. Once diverted from the natural streams, the water is channelled through a network of just under 12 km of conduits into a main reservoir. More detail about the different types of conduits is given at [15] below.
(3) Reservoir and dam. The conduits run into a main reservoir which is formed behind a concrete-faced rock-filled dam sited at the head of a gorge down which the river Tarff runs. The capacity of the reservoir is 12.7 million cubic metres. No claim has been made for plant or machinery allowances in relation to the dam and reservoir.
(4) Main intake. Beside the dam there is an intake through which water is allowed to pass into the headrace, the next element of the Scheme. The intake can be closed in order to cut off the flow of water into the headrace. This was necessary, for example, when the headrace needed to be drained in order to investigate and rectify the damage to the headrace which had been caused by the rockfall (see below). There is no dispute about plant or machinery allowances in relation to the main intake.
(5)
Headrace. This is the technical name for the conduit which
carries the water, under increasing pressure as it moves downward, from the main
intake at the reservoir to the generating
equipment in the caverns referred to below.
The headrace is 6.2km long and 5 metres in diameter and is entirely
underground, created with a tunnel boring machine. In some similar schemes,
the headrace runs along the surface of the ground and is made of concrete or
steel pipes. At Glendoe, the choice to use a subterranean shaft was driven
partly by engineering considerations and partly to minimise the environmental
impact of the Scheme. At the foot of the headrace the last 85 metres contains
tapering steel lining which attaches directly to the inlet
valve
adjacent to the
turbine, and the 220 metres above that was constructed with a reinforced
concrete lining inside the shaft. The main section of the headrace above that was
partly stabilised with rock bolts[1]
and lined with shotcrete (concrete sprayed onto the rock surface at high
pressure, which strengthens the rock walls), where geological conditions
require it. At the foot of the headrace, the water is under a pressure of approximately
900lb/in2 and the steel-lined and reinforced concrete-lined sections
(in addition to providing a properly engineered connection to the turbine inlet
valve)
prevent the water pressure from bursting through the rock and flooding
the power cavern.
(6)
Power cavern. This is the name given to the main cavern which
houses the turbine and generation
equipment. It is a man-made
void,
excavated
from the solid rock, of maximum dimensions 47 metres in length, 20 metres in
width and 33 metres in height. It is some 600 metres below the reservoir (also
some 6km away from it) and some 250 metres below the local ground level. The
rock surface within the power cavern (and the adjacent transformer cavern) is
stabilised by the insertion of rock bolts and lining with shotcrete. It is
internally separated into four levels or floors. At the top level, there is a
large open area called the “machine hall” with a heavy duty overhead mobile crane
installed running on reinforced concrete beams, which can access the
generating
and turbine equipment at the lower levels through removable steel plates in the
various
floors in order to facilitate maintenance or replacement of them when
necessary. The machine hall contains a large central open area (to facilitate
such operations) and a control room, storage rooms, messing facilities and
toilets (though the whole facility is generally unmanned and operated remotely,
so much of that accommodation is
very
rarely used). Below the machine hall is
the
generator
level, where the electricity
generating
turbine and closely
associated equipment are housed. Below that again is the turbine level, which
houses the Pelton turbine equipment which drives the
generator
above it. Below
that is the
valve
level, which contains auxiliary equipment such as the hydraulic
pumping unit which opens and closes the main
valve
connecting the headrace to
the turbine, compressors, cooling pumps, fire-fighting pumps, etc. There is a reinforced
concrete beam structure to accommodate, support and hold in place the
various
elements of the main
generating
equipment and to transfer the load to the
foundations at the base. The
generator
is effectively suspended from this
structure, which also carries floor surfaces. The
generator
armature and
turbine revolve around a
vertical
axis, with the turbine directly driving the
generator.
The precise location of the power cavern was chosen so as to
optimise the available head of water pressure, suit the local topography,
exploit the best available rock conditions and minimise overall cost. As a
consequence of the decision to locate the
generating
equipment in a cavern, its
visual
impact in an important tourist area was also minimised but this was a consequential
benefit and not a motive or reason for the decision. It was excavated by
progressively enlarging the
void
at the end of the access tunnel (see below),
using “drill and blast” methods[2].
(7)
Transformer cavern. A much smaller cavern, set off to the side
of the power cavern adjacent to the entrance to the main access tunnel, was
excavated to accommodate the transformer which “steps up” the voltage
of
15.75kV produced by the
generator
to 132kV for transmission into the National
Grid. The transformer represents a significant fire risk and it is sealed off
from the power cavern by fire- and blast-resistant panels and doors. The
transformer cavern was excavated by enlarging the power cavern at the correct
location, again using “drill and blast” methods. It is only large enough to
accommodate the transformer itself and provide sufficient space around it for
maintenance access.
(8) Tailrace. After the pressurised water has served its purpose in the turbine, it runs away through the tailrace, a conduit a little over 2 km in length which leads into Loch Ness. The tailrace was constructed by “drill and blast” for the first 340 metres of its length from Loch Ness and was bored for the remainder of its length by the same tunnel boring machine as created the headrace. The tailrace and the headrace were constructed in a single operation, essentially in line with each other. Where it emerges into Loch Ness, there is a separate reinforced concrete structure which can be closed off to isolate the tailrace from the loch (so it can be “dewatered” for maintenance).
(9) Access tunnels[3].
There are a number of tunnels which comprise different parts of the underground
works. The “main access tunnel” (approximately 1.2 km long) provides the main
means of personal and vehicular
access to the power cavern. It also carries electricity
cables (both receiving and transmitting electricity from/to the national grid)
and
ventilation
ducting and it houses water tanks for fire hoses. It was
excavated by “drill and blast” and is stabilised with rock bolts and fully
lined with shotcrete. It formed the main access for carrying out the rest of
the excavations (other than the tailrace and headrace). Other shorter tunnels
include the turbine outflow tunnel (which takes the spent water from the
turbine out to the tailrace), a tunnel carrying the high
voltage
cables from
the transformer to the main access tunnel, and
various
other drainage and
access tunnels. More detail of these is given as necessary below.
12.
There are three different types of water intakes
used. All of them are designed to extract water from a flowing stream, not to
store a body of water for subsequent use. The main two involve water flowing
over a sloping slotted stainless steel screen which is set into the sloping
back (i.e downstream side) of a concrete structure which creates a low barrier
across the stream. Some of the water (but not necessarily all and occasionally
none, depending on the level of flow) drops through the screen and is collected,
flowing through a sand trap, and is ultimately fed into the reservoir above the
dam through a network of conduits. The more steeply sloped version
of this
arrangement is known as a “Coanda screen”, its defining characteristic being
that the angle of the screen is such that debris of any significant size is
effectively screened or filtered out of the water and passes on downstream, being
washed off the screen by the water flowing over it. If any silt or sand builds
up beneath the screen, there are sluice
valve
arrangements to enable a “flush”
of water to be put through in order to clear it. This is done perhaps once a
year. The less steeply sloped
version
can accommodate a higher throughput of
water (the screen can be much larger without making the whole structure too
high) and also filters out debris, but does not self-clean as the Coanda
screens do. Finally, there are some small intakes which are little more than
overflow pipes (with the appearance of a walking stick or snorkel projecting
from the surface of the water) combined with concrete barriers which draw off
water from existing streams.
13.
All three types of intake involve the
construction of some kind of concrete barrier across the relevant stream, which
gives rise to a small pool on the upstream side, known as a “headpond”. The
headpond is not specifically excavated, though it is roughly lined with rocks,
particularly to create an abutment against the barrier (and some minor
excavation may be involved in doing so). Its purpose for the “screen” type
intakes is to ensure there is a steady flow of water over the screens which are
built into the barrier structure; it does not store water in any meaningful way,
it merely regulates its flow; the design of the screens requires the creation
of a reasonably steady flow of water to enable them to operate properly. There
is no means to empty the headponds (though if the flush valves
were left open,
much of the content of the headpond would naturally drain). For the smaller
“overflow” type intakes, the intake itself is set in the headpond, which
facilitates the natural and uninterrupted flow of water into the intake pipe;
the small concrete structure across the path of the stream next to the intake
has a “lip” over which the water flows down into the natural stream bed below.
Visually,
the concrete structure and barrier have every appearance of being
constituent parts of a single structure. The level of the lip ensures that in
normal conditions there is sufficient depth in the headpond for the water to
flow into the intake.
14.
When the flow rates of water are high, there are
static overflow arrangements to permit excess water to bypass the intakes and
flow directly down the natural watercourse. Water can also be diverted using
manually operated sluice valves,
which are used during times of flooding, again
to direct the water away from the collection conduits and into its natural
downstream course when it is not required for filling the main reservoir. The
whole system of intakes is designed to extract water from existing natural
flows, not to create a series of “mini reservoirs”. When (as at the time of
our site
visit)
water levels are low, there may be insufficient water to feed some
intakes at all; there are also arrangements to ensure that for environmental
purposes a certain minimum flow of any available water is directed down the
natural stream in any event.
15.
There are a number of different types of conduit
taking the water from the water intakes to the reservoir (or to watercourses
which feed naturally into it by gravity). There are 4km of single or double
buried pipes (mainly single or double glass-reinforced plastic pipes, but some
pre-fabricated in concrete); there are 6km of drilled and blasted underground conduit,
lined with shotcrete; there is 1km of “cut and cover” concrete conduit (built
on-site with reinforced concrete in a large trench which was then backfilled)
and there are 800m of uncovered channels lined with rocks and/or concrete set
into the ground surface. From the photographs in the bundles, it is apparent
that the pipes range in size from approximately 400mm to 2 metres in diameter.
The underground conduit and the cut and cover concrete conduit into which it
feeds have an internal diameter of between 2 and 3 metres (the concrete conduit
having a flat base, vertical
walls up to about 1.5 metres and a semi-circular
“roof”). They are involved in bringing the water collected from the water
intakes in the adjacent catchment area into the catchment area of the main
reservoir.
16.
During August 2009 (very
shortly after it was
commissioned), the appellant became aware that the Scheme was
generating
less
than its design capacity of 100MW. The headrace was drained and inspected and
it was established that there had been a major rockfall in it, just over 2km
downstream from the reservoir. There were other, less severe, rockfalls
further upstream. As a result, the headrace was quite severely blocked over a
length of approximately 800 to 900 metres, with a tail of debris and silt below
the blockage. A report into the causes by independent experts concluded that
the rock types through which the headrace was bored were misclassified in a
number of places, as a result of which insufficient structural support had been
provided during construction.
(1) Urgent stabilisation work on parts of the headrace which had not collapsed. This involved application of full shotcrete lining in certain areas and structural work using rock bolts and shotcrete to avoid future significant rockfalls. Access for this work was from the top of the headrace. As part of this work, passing places were excavated at the side of the headrace to facilitate the work.
(2) Construction by “drill and blast” of a new 600m long access tunnel from the main access tunnel near the power cavern, around the side of the power cavern and down to the foot of the headrace shortly before it reaches the power cavern. This provided access to enable repairs to be carried out to the headrace, downstream of the collapse. It also provided access for construction of the bypass tunnel. Once the works were complete, it was sealed with a concrete plug where it meets the headrace.
(3) Construction by “drill and blast” of a new 600m section of headrace (the “bypass tunnel”) to bypass the irremediably damaged section of the headrace. This entire section was extensively lined with shotcrete (including, in the main geological fault zone, a secondary lining of shotcrete reinforced with steel fibres, which achieves the same result and performs the same function as pre-formed pipework).
(4) Removal of silt and rock debris from the headrace.
(5)
Provision of further shotcrete reinforcement, after a detailed survey of
rock types, to various
other sections of the headrace which were regarded as
vulnerable.
60% of the headrace now has shotcrete lining.
(6) Concrete plugging at both ends of the bypassed section of headrace.
(7) Further shotcrete reinforcement of the tailrace, which was also surveyed and found to be subject to significant erosion.
18. I was informed that it is agreed between the parties that the expenditure on remedial works to the headrace and the tailrace should be treated in the same way, for capital allowance purposes, as the initial expenditure on the construction of those respective elements of the Scheme.
19.
The areas of dispute are as follows. In each case, the appellant
claims capital allowances and HMRC
have rejected that claim. The items in
question are: the water intakes, the conduits, the headrace (save for the 85 metre
steel-lined section), the power cavern (but not the plant or machinery within
it, all of which
HMRC
agree qualify though there is some disagreement about the
extent to which other expenditure can properly be said to have been incurred in
the “provision” of the plant or machinery), the transformer cavern (but not the
plant or machinery within it), the tailrace and the access tunnels. These are
items (1), (2) and (5) to (9) listed at [11] above. In addition, the appellant
has claimed capital allowances on the remedial works identified at [17] above and
HMRC
have rejected that claim.
20. Section 11 Capital Allowances Act 2001 (“CAA”) provides as follows:
“11 General conditions as to availability of plant and machinery allowances
(1) Allowances are available under this Part if a person carries on a qualifying activity and incurs qualifying expenditure.
(2) “Qualifying activity” has the meaning given by Chapter 2.
(3) Allowances under this Part must be calculated separately for each qualifying activity which a person carries on.
(4) The general rule is that expenditure is qualifying expenditure if –
(a) it is capital expenditure on the provision of plant or machinery wholly or partly for the purposes of the qualifying activity carried on by the person incurring the expenditure, and
(b) the person incurring the expenditure owns the plant or machinery as a result of incurring it.
(5) But the general rule is affected by other provisions of this Act, and in particular by Chapter 3.”
21. Chapter 3 of Part 2 CAA is set out in sections 21 et seq. These provide, so far as relevant, as follows:
“21 Buildings
(1) For the purposes of this Act, expenditure on the provision of plant or machinery does not include expenditure on the provision of a building.
(2) The provision of a building includes its construction or acquisition.
(3) In this section, ‘building’ includes an asset which –
(a) is incorporated in the building,
(b) although not incorporated in the building (whether because the asset is moveable or for any other reason), is in the building and is of a kind normally incorporated in a building, or
(c) is in, or connected with the building and is in list A.
List A
Assets treated as buildings
1. Walls, floors, ceilings, doors, gates, shutters, windows and stairs.
2. Mains services, and systems, for water, electricity and gas.
3. Waste disposal systems.
4. Sewerage and drainage systems.
5. Shafts or other structures in which lifts, hoists, escalators and moving walkways are installed.
6. Fire safety systems.
(4) This section is subject to section 23.
22 Structures, assets and works
(1) For the purposes of this Act, expenditure on the provision of plant or machinery does not include expenditure on –
(a) the provision of a structure or other asset in list B, or
(b) any works involving the alteration of land.
List B
Excluded structures and other assets
1. A tunnel,
bridge, viaduct,
aqueduct, embankment or cutting.
2. A way, hard
standing (such as a pavement), road, railway, tramway, a park for vehicles
or
containers, or an airstrip or runway.
3. An inland navigation, including a canal or basin or a navigable river.
4. A dam,
reservoir or barrage, including any sluices, gates, generators
and other
equipment associated with the dam, reservoir or barrage.
5. A dock, harbour,
wharf, pier, marina or jetty or any other structure in or at which vessels
may
be kept, or merchandise or passengers may be shipped or unshipped.
6. A dike, sea wall, weir or drainage ditch.
7. Any structure not within items 1 to 6 other than –
(a) a structure (but not a building) within Chapter 2 of Part 3 (meaning of ‘industrial building’),
(b) a structure in use for the purposes of an undertaking for the extraction, production, processing or distribution of gas, and
(c) a structure in use for the purposes of a trade which consists in the provision of telecommunication, television or radio services.
(2) The provision of a structure or other asset includes its construction or acquisition.
(3) In this section –
(a) ‘structure’ means a fixed structure of any kind, other than a building (as defined by section 21(3)), and
(b) ‘land’ does not include buildings or other structures, but otherwise has the meaning given in Schedule 1 to the Interpretation Act 1978.
23 Expenditure unaffected by sections 21 and 22
(1) Sections 21 and 22 do not apply to any expenditure to which any of the provisions listed in subsection (2) applies.
(2) The provisions are –
…
(3) Sections 21 and 22 also do not affect the question whether expenditure on any item described in list C is, for the purposes of this Act, expenditure on the provision of plant or machinery.
(4) But items 1 to 16 of list C do not include any asset whose principal purpose is to insulate or enclose the interior of a building or to provide an interior wall, floor or ceiling which (in each case) is intended to remain permanently in place.
List C
Expenditure unaffected by sections 21 and 22
1. Machinery (including devices for providing motive power) not within any other item in this list.
…
22. The alteration of land for the purpose only of installing plant or machinery.
…
25. The provision of pipelines or underground ducts or tunnels with a primary purpose of carrying utility conduits.”
22. Because much of the argument between the parties was focused on specific items rather than general principles, the following summarises only the general principles each side sought to apply. More detail of the argument on specific items is set out as relevant below.
23. Mr Peacock argued that all of the items in dispute were items of plant (as that word is interpreted in the case law). As such, expenditure on all of them was allowable unless specifically disallowed by section 21 or 22 CAA and not saved by section 23 CAA.
24.
He had certain specific points to make in relation to the various
assets (as set out below) as to why (a) they were “plant” at common law, (b) they
did not fall within section 21 or 22 CAA, but to the extent they did, (c) the
expenditure on them was “saved” by either item 22 or item 25 of List C in
section 23 CAA.
25. Mr Brennan argued that there was no real point in looking at whether the disputed items were “plant” at common law, as the expenditure on all of them was disqualified from allowances by either section 21 (in relation to the caverns) or section 22 CAA, and the savings in List C in section 23 did not apply.
The correct approach to the matters in dispute and identification of the items in question
26. The parties diverged on the correct order to approach the issues before me. Mr Brennan urged me to approach the matter by first considering whether the items in dispute were excluded from qualifying by reference to sections 21 to 23 CAA; he described the opposite approach as “eccentric”. Essentially, he was arguing that no enquiry into the question of whether any particular disputed item was “plant” at common law was necessary or relevant if the expenditure on it was disallowed in any event because of the legislative provisions.
27.
Mr Peacock thought there was a “chronological
appeal” in looking at the case law to establish whether the relevant items were
“plant” at all, before becoming entangled in the statutory exclusions and savings.
He also argued that in IRC v
Anchor International
Ltd
[2005] STC 411 and
J D Wetherspoon plc
v
HMRC
[2012] STC 1450 the Court of Session and the
Upper Tribunal proceeded on the implicit basis that it was necessary to
identify the relevant piece of plant at the first stage of the exercise.
28. I consider Mr Peacock’s is the correct approach, for the following reasons. Before one reaches the stage of considering whether expenditure on the provision of any particular structure, asset or works should be disallowed pursuant to section 22, the anterior question is whether the expenditure on its provision would qualify at all under section 11 CAA. In order to answer that question it is necessary to decide whether the item in question amounts to “plant” at common law. It is only if that question is answered in the affirmative that one logically goes on to consider the question of disqualification of the expenditure pursuant to sections 21 to 23 CAA. Also, embedded in this point is the question of the precise identification of the “item” under consideration; there are numerous cases in which the courts have grappled with the particular question of whether an agglomeration of assets should be considered as one item or as more than one item of plant for capital allowance purposes, and that is a question which must be answered before the “item” under consideration for the purposes of sections 21 to 23 CAA can be identified. This point becomes particularly acute when considering Item 22 in List C, as will appear below.
29. This leads naturally on to the question of the identification of the extent of each item under individual consideration in this appeal.
30.
The parties are agreed that the Scheme should
not be considered as a single item for the purposes of these proceedings. The
appellant stated in its skeleton argument that the parties were agreed the
approach should be “on a piecemeal basis by looking at the function of each of
the items in dispute” and HMRC
have accepted the piecemeal approach but dispute
applying it, at least for the purposes of the Lists in sections 21 to 23 CAA,
by reference to the function of the items.
31.
What was not explored, however, was precisely
how to apply this “piecemeal” approach in relation to some of the constituent
parts of the Scheme identified above. In Cole Brothers Limited v
Phillips
(Inspector of Taxes) (HL) [1982] STC 307, their Lordships unanimously
agreed that it was a question of fact for decision by the Special Commissioners
whether the items under examination should be considered as “a single entity”,
as individual single items or in categories. In that case, the items under
consideration were all elements of the electrical installation in a department
store. There were high
voltage
transformers and associated switchgear and
switchboard, light and other fittings (some specially designed) and associated
cabling, and wiring to
various
specific items of specialised electrical
equipment. The Commissioners’ finding that “the multiplicity of elements in
the… installation, and differing purposes which they serve” fully justified
their decision to reject the “single entity” approach. Even though a “single
entity” approach might also have been acceptable (indeed, possibly preferable –
per Lord Russell of Killowen at p316d), their Lordships upheld the
Commissioners’ decision to approach matters by reference to individual items
and categories; it was a question of “fact and degree”, or even “pure fact”
(per Lord Wilberforce at p 314h) and accordingly the decision of the
fact-finding tribunal on it was determinative unless it was one that “no
reasonable body of commissioners could have come to”. This approach was
endorsed by the Inner House of the Court of Session in Anchor International
at [26].
32.
At one stage, the appellant had argued that all
the elements of the Scheme up to (but excluding) the reservoir should be
considered as one category, called “the water gathering assets”, indeed its
skeleton argument was structured on this basis. Upon closer examination,
however, it became apparent that Mr Peacock was really arguing for two separate
main categories, the water intakes (and associated works) and the water
conduits; however, within the latter category, he was effectively arguing for
six separate sub-categories (being the various
different types of conduit
identified at [15] above).
33. Mr Brennan did not really engage with the question in any detail, his point being that however the assets were analysed, most of them were disqualified under section 21 or 22 CAA.
34.
For convenience, I have considered the various
elements of the claim by reference to the headings used by the parties, but as
will be seen below there are some headings under which I consider
various
items
should be split out and considered separately.
35.
There was much argument between the parties on
the approach to interpreting the specific exclusions set out in List B in
particular. HMRC
had sought to introduce expert evidence on the meanings of
various
of the relevant words in the civil engineering context and I had
refused permission some three months before the hearing on the basis that such
evidence would not assist me in deciding the issues before me, specifically the
legal meaning of those words in their statutory context and their application
to the physical features of the Scheme. They made a further attempt to achieve
a similar result by seeking to introduce, late in the day, a bundle of
documents with extensive commentary around the same issue. Again I refused
permission to admit those documents, essentially on the basis that they were
too late (unless an adjournment was being sought to enable the appellant to
respond, which might have other implications); in addition to my
view
as to the
lack of relevance of the material, I was also concerned about the apparent
attempt to introduce through the back door evidence which had been refused
admission through the front some time previously, without that decision having
been appealed.
36. Mr Brennan made a wider point, by reference to the appellant’s own documents. There were numerous places in those documents where, for example, the headrace had been referred to as a “tunnel”; it had been created by using a tunnel boring machine and he submitted it was legitimate to at least have regard to the appellant’s own description of it when trying to decide whether it fell within the meaning of the word “tunnel” when used in List B. Similarly, the word “aqueduct” (and even the phrase “aqueduct tunnel”) had been used in much of the appellant’s own documentation to refer to some of the underground water conduits.
37.
Mr Peacock on the other hand submitted that the
various
individual structures and assets included in List B in particular had
been carefully set out thematically, and it was appropriate to interpret them accordingly.
The labels applied for convenience by engineers and others should not be
determinative of the statutory meaning of words such as those involved in this
appeal.
38. I consider Mr Peacock’s argument is essentially correct. Words such as “dam”, etc, may be used in particular ways in technical discussions between civil engineers, but they are not specialist terms, they have ordinary English meanings. Those meanings are somewhat elastic, and in seeking to identify which of a range of possible meanings the draftsman had in mind, I consider it is legitimate to consider the way in which they have been grouped in the legislation, the assumption being that structures and assets which are specifically grouped together are likely to share some basic common theme and should be interpreted in accordance with that theme unless none can in fact be found. Many words are chameleons, and context can often provide colour.
41.
It is important to note that section 22 CAA is
very
carefully worded so as to disallow (for CAA purposes) expenditure incurred
on the listed items referred to in section 22(1)(a) CAA and List B; it does not
purport to override the common law test of what amounts to “plant”. Section 23
and List C in turn do not purport to provide a list of items which are
definitively “plant” at common law, expenditure on which therefore qualifies
for allowances; all that they say is that any disallowance which would arise
under section 22 and List B does not affect expenditure incurred on those
items. The underlying common law question remains to be addressed: does the
item in question amount to “plant” at common law. For this, one must refer to
the line of cases (which were considered at some length at the hearing) going
back to Lindley LJ’s formulation in Yarmouth
v
France (1887) 19 QBD 647
at p 658:
“There is no definition of plant in the Act; but, in its ordinary sense, it includes whatever apparatus is used by a business man for carrying on his business, – not his stock-in-trade, which he buys or makes for sale; but all goods and chattels, fixed or moveable, live or dead, which he keeps for permanent employment in his business…”
42.
The main area of dispute between the parties,
given the nature of the items we are here considering, was as to the point at
which “plant” with which the business is carried on becomes “setting” or
“premises” in which it is carried on. Mr Brennan did not strongly
contest (though he did not quite concede) that the water intakes, the various
conduits to the reservoir and the headrace and tailrace were “plant” at common
law. His main dispute was with the power cavern, transformer cavern and
tunnels. Some time was spent looking at the authorities concerning the
borderline between “plant” and “setting” or “premises” in that context, and
this is considered further where relevant below. A compendious review of the
common law authorities on “plant” is therefore, thankfully, not required in
this decision.
43.
The parties agreed that none of the “structures”
involved in this case fall into List B by virtue
of Item 7 in that list,
because it is agreed that all of them fall into the exception in Item 7(a);
this is because the expenditure on all of them was incurred on the construction
of them for use in the appellant’s qualifying trade (an undertaking for the
generation
of electricity carried on by way of trade), so they are “within
Chapter 2 of Part 3” CAA – because under s 271 and lists A and B in s 274, they
count as structures within that chapter. I therefore consider Item 7 in List B
no further.
44. In the light of the above preliminary points, I turn to consider each part of the Scheme under dispute as follows.
45.
In relation to each water intake of the “screen”
type (and its associated headpond), I consider the following analysis properly
applies. In each case, I consider the screen and the concrete structure into
which it is set to be a single integrated item which functions as plant by
extracting part of the flow from a stream. In order to provide that single
item of plant, it is necessary to embed it across the relevant stream, which in
turn requires the creation of rock lining and abutments for the headpond which
is formed as a result of the installation. All this work (and, therefore, the
expenditure on it) is necessary for the installation of the water intakes in a
properly functioning manner. As such, under the principles set out in CIR v
Barclay, Curle & Co
Ltd
[1969]1 All ER 732, all the relevant
expenditure was in my
view
incurred in the provision of the integrated items of
plant as identified above.
46. The question then is whether any or all of that expenditure should be disallowed by the operation of section 22 CAA. Mr Brennan submitted that the concrete structure is a “dam” or a “barrage” within Item 4 of List B or a “weir” within Item 6; and that the headpond is a “reservoir” within Item 4. Additionally or alternatively, he contended that the works involved in installing the water intakes, structures and headponds are “works involving the alteration of land” within section 22(1)(b) CAA.
47.
I consider the reference to “dams” and
“reservoirs” in Item 4 to be entirely inapt as a description of the structures
and headponds separately, still less so when considering them as elements of
single composite “water intake” entities. The very
essence of both a dam and a
reservoir is to accumulate and store water for later use, not to extract part
of the flow from an existing stream on a near-continual basis without material
obstruction. As to “barrage”, the context of Item 4 makes it clear that the
draftsman had in mind structures similar to dams and reservoirs and therefore
comparable in scale; the original barrage on the River Nile springs to mind as
the sort of structure involved (and indeed the Oxford English Dictionary
records the use of the originally French word “barrage” as first applied in
English to that structure). I do not consider it is a word that can properly
be applied to any of the concrete structures
viewed
on their own, still less to
integrated items of plant of the type and size described above.
48.
The next question to arise is whether the
arrangements can properly be described as a “weir” within Item 6 of List B.
The meaning given for “weir” in the Oxford English Dictionary is “a
barrier or dam to restrain water, esp. one placed across a river or canal in
order to raise or divert the water for driving a mill-wheel; also, the body of
water retained by this means, a mill-dam; now gen., a dam, of which there are
various
forms, constructed on the reaches of a canal or navigable river, to
retain the water and regulate its flow.” The other structures
in Item 6 are “dike”, “sea wall” and “drainage ditch”, all structures which are
designed to control or regulate water levels. When one thinks of a weir one
generally thinks of the fast-flowing inclined slopes with fixed thresholds
adjacent to locks on rivers or canals, and designed to ensure that the water
level upstream is maintained at a navigable level. These definitions or common
usages of the word “weir” all involve either the regulation of levels within an
existing flow of water or a temporary diversion of water from an existing flow
before it is returned to that flow after it has served its purpose. I do not
consider the word is apt also to describe a composite structure which is
designed to abstract water completely from a flowing stream and which
incidentally includes a structure which has the effect of raising the water
level by a few feet in order to facilitate this function.
49. Thus I do not consider that any of the expenditure incurred on the provision of the “screen type” water intakes (including any incidental excavation work in relation to the abutments and headponds) falls within List B. Nor, for the reasons given at [40] above, do I consider the intake structures to fall within section 22(1)(b) CAA as “works involving the alteration of land” because the creation of the intake structures rather than the alteration of land was the objective of the works. Additionally, to the extent that any of the expenditure was on “alteration of land”, such expenditure would have been incurred “for the purpose only of installing plant or machinery” (the intakes themselves) and therefore Item 22 of List C in section 23 CAA would exclude the application of section 22(1)(b) CAA to such expenditure.
51. As identified at [12] to [14] above, whilst the function of these arrangements may be similar, their structure is somewhat different. Essentially they consist of an overflow pipe set into a stream at a point where the water level is (subject to overall water flow being sufficient) raised by a matter of a few feet to the level of that overflow by an adjacent concrete structure immediately downstream.
52.
Nonetheless, I still consider the intake pipe and the concrete
structure to be integrated into a single item of plant; they are designed and constructed
together to perform an overall function of extracting water from the stream.
They are similar in visual
appearance to the “screen” type intake arrangements,
albeit somewhat simpler and on a smaller scale; the overflow pipe is set
immediately adjacent to the concrete structure, to the point where they have
every appearance of being constituent parts of a single structure, even if that
is not in fact the case.
53. I do not consider the arrangements (or any part of them) to answer to the description “dam, reservoir or barrage”, for the reasons given at [47] above. Nor do I consider the description “weir” to be appropriate to describe them, for the reasons given at [48] above.
54. Thus I do not consider that any of the expenditure incurred on the provision of the composite “overflow type” water intakes (including any incidental excavation work in relation to the abutments and headponds) falls within List B. Nor, following the analysis at [49] above, do I consider the intake structures to fall within section 22(1)(b) CAA as “works involving the alteration of land”, and any expenditure on the alteration of land incurred in the course of installing them would have been incurred “for the purpose only of installing plant or machinery” (the intakes themselves) and therefore Item 22 of List C in section 23 CAA would exclude the application of section 22(1)(b) CAA.
56. The first issue to be addressed is the extent to which each component item of the conduits should be considered separately. Mr Peacock identified six categories of conduits: buried single plastic pipes; buried double plastic pipes, buried prefabricated concrete pipes, a drilled and blasted conduit lined with shotcrete; a buried conduit built in situ from reinforced concrete; and open channels lined with rocks. Mr Brennan declared himself “agnostic” on whether they should be considered as one or separately by reference to these categories, on the basis that they would all fall foul of the “aqueduct” or “works involving the alteration of land” exclusions in section 22, save perhaps the buried plastic and concrete pipes, which he accepted might be regarded as “pipelines” and therefore have their allowances preserved by Item 25 in List C of section 23 CAA.
57.
I consider that although the various
types of conduit are
interconnected and do together perform a single overall function, nonetheless
they have significant physical differences and I consider it most appropriate
to consider them as distinct categories of item, by reference to the categories
identified by the parties.
58. I consider each of the categories in turn.
Buried pipes – single or double, plastic or prefabricated concrete
59. This heading represents the first three categories identified by Mr Peacock, and I consider the same analysis applies to all three types of prefabricated pipe.
60.
These pipes in my view
clearly perform a plant-like function by
assisting in the transfer of water from the
various
water intakes to the main
reservoir. They are not a normal part of the setting in which the appellant
carries on its trade. As Denning MR observed in Bridge House (Reigate Hill)
Limited
v
Hinder (1971) 47
TC
182 at p 191-192, when deciding whether
sewage or drainage pipes were part of the plant of a restaurant business:
“Are sewage or drainage pipes part of the apparatus for carrying on the business? I think not. They are an essential ancillary to the house itself, just as much as the chimney stack…
Vis-à-vis
the sewerage authority the pipes
may be part of their “plant”, but
vis-à-vis
the restaurant proprietor they are
not.”
61. I consider the appellant in this case to be the equivalent of the sewerage authority referred to by Denning MR in Bridge House. I therefore find them to be “plant” within the common law meaning of the word. Whilst not explicitly conceding it, Mr Brennan did not hotly contest this. He argued they were aqueducts, falling within Item 1 of List B in section 22 CAA. However, he accepted it was open to me to find they were “pipelines” (crucially because they were made up of individual lengths of pipe joined together), and accordingly saved by item 25 in List C; he also accepted that if they were properly regarded as plant, then any “works involving the alteration of land” carried out in the course of their installation would be saved by Item 22 in List C.
62. I agree with Mr Brennan that a crucial feature of a pipeline is that it should be made up of individual lengths of pipe joined together. A pipeline is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as “a continuous line of joined pipes, esp. one used for conveying oil, gas, etc., long distances”. I consider these pipes all to answer to that description. I do not consider them to be (whether individually or as joined together) “aqueducts” because I do not consider that word apt to describe an item which is properly considered to be either an individual pipe or a pipeline made up of such pipes joined together, especially when considering the context in which the word “aqueduct” appears in Item 1 of List B.
63. Accordingly I consider the expenditure incurred on their provision to be wholly allowable – both the cost of the pipes themselves and the costs of installing them. This is on the basis that the latter costs were incurred as part of the cost of “provision” of the pipelines for the purposes of section 11 CAA (following Barclay Curle). As I do not consider the provision of the pipelines to be “works involving the alteration of land” (see [40] above), none of the expenditure would be disallowed by section 22 CAA, but even if it were, such expenditure would be saved by section 23 CAA and item 25 in List C.
Drilled and blasted underground conduit, lined with shotcrete
64.
Mr Brennan submitted that, as well as being (primarily)
an alteration of land falling within section 22(1)(b) CAA, this was both a
tunnel and an aqueduct within List B. Mr Peacock submitted that it was none of
those things. I have set out at [39] – [40] above the parties’ arguments and my
views
on the overlap between section 22(1)(a)/List B and section 22(1)(b).
65.
Considering first whether this conduit falls
within Item 1 of List B, my views
are as follows.
66.
Item 1 in List B comprises “a tunnel, bridge,
viaduct,
aqueduct, embankment or cutting.” The words “bridge” and “
viaduct”
generally refer to an elevated structure created to carry a road, path or
railway across a
valley
or river (in the case of a bridge) or across a wider
piece of low ground (in the case of a
viaduct).
The word “tunnel” in the
Oxford English Dictionary (“OED”) is defined (most relevantly) as “a
subterranean passage; a road-way excavated under ground, esp. under a hill or
mountain, or beneath the bed of a river: now most commonly on a railway; also
in earliest use on a canal, in a mine, etc. (The chief current sense.)”. I
would add that in common parlance, the word “tunnel” would normally refer to a
passage bored through ground which permits people or forms of transport to pass
to and fro. “Embankment” is defined in the OED as “a mound, bank, or other
structure for confining a river, etc. within fixed limits” or, more familiarly,
as “a long earthen bank or mound, esp. one raised for the purpose of carrying a
road or a railway across a
valley.”.
“Cutting” is relevantly defined as “an
open, trench-like excavation through a piece of ground that rises above the
level of a canal, railway, or road which has to be taken across it”. On this
basis, there does seem to be a clear theme emerging in Item 1 of structures
related to transportation infrastructure.
68. The word “aqueduct” has two potentially relevant OED definitions. First, it can mean “an artificial channel for the conveyance of water from place to place; a conduit; esp. an elevated structure of masonry used for this purpose”. This was clearly its original historical meaning, deriving from the Latin, and referring to structures such as the famous Roman Segovia aqueduct (an elevated structure), the Levadas of Madeira (mostly at surface level) or the Gadara aqueduct (a subterranean conduit). A second meaning however is given: “The similar structure by which a canal is carried over a river, etc.” This has a more obvious transportation infrastructure flavour.
69.
The question is whether, by reference to the
context in which the word appears, it is appropriate to limit the meaning of
“aqueduct” in Item 1 to this latter meaning, as Mr Peacock contended. The
matter is not without difficulty, but I consider the better view
to be that in
the context of List B, the word “aqueduct” is apt to describe an asset of the
type we are here concerned with – an artificial underground conduit whose
function is solely to transport water from one place to another through the
ground under the force of gravity; I consider the
transportation of water itself is enough to be consistent with the overall
“transportation” theme of Item 1, rather than requiring the water to be the means
of transportation of other things (as in the case of a canal).
70. Having decided that this conduit is an “aqueduct” within Item 1 of List B, for the reasons set out at [39] – [40] above, I consider that section 22(1)(b) CAA does not apply to it.
71. Mr Brennan argued that there was nothing to stop this conduit from being both an “aqueduct” and a “tunnel”. As I have decided that the conduit is an “aqueduct” but not a “tunnel” and is therefore within Item 1 of List B, I do not need to decide whether it could be both, though I strongly doubt it. For completeness, however, I should mention that if had not considered the conduit to be an “aqueduct”, I would instead have found it to be “works involving the alteration of land” within section 22(1)(b) CAA: see [40] above.
72. Mr Peacock argued that even if this conduit was an “aqueduct”, expenditure on it would be saved by Item 22 of List C, as an “alteration of land for the purpose only of installing plant or machinery” or by Item 25 as a “pipeline” or “underground duct” (he did not argue that it was a “tunnel”, as he accepted it did not have “a primary purpose of carrying utility conduits”). He pointed to the apparently arbitrary distinction that might otherwise arise between this conduit and the other sections of conduit which performed exactly the same plant-like function but which were engineered slightly differently by burying prefabricated pipes in jointed lengths.
73.
As has been remarked upon many times and in
various
ways in the case law, the law of capital allowances is full of fine and
sometimes apparently arbitrary distinctions. I do not consider Mr Peacock’s
submission (that items with a similar function should be treated in the same
way despite substantial differences in their form) can be sustained in the face
of the legislation as it stands. Accordingly, expenditure on this aqueduct
should not be allowable simply because it arguably performed a similar function
to the lengths of pipeline referred to above.
74. Next, I consider Item 25 in List C. Mr Brennan submitted that this conduit did not fall within Item 25 (“the provision of pipelines or underground ducts or tunnels with a primary purpose of carrying utility conduits”) because (a) it was not a pipeline (upon which I agree with him – see [62] above) and (b) whilst it was both a tunnel and, arguably, an underground duct, its primary purpose was not carrying utility conduits, and that primary purpose had to exist whether it was a duct or tunnel if it were to fall within Item 25 in List C. Here he referred back to the predecessor provision in Schedule AA1 CAA 1990, where the relevant item (Item 4 in Column (2) of Table 2 at paragraph 2(1) of that Schedule, as inserted by Finance Act 1994) included an additional comma after “pipelines”, as follows:
“Expenditure on the provision of pipelines, or underground ducts or tunnels with a primary purpose of carrying utility conduits.”
75.
This made it clear that the “primary purpose of
carrying utility conduits” test originally applied to both “underground ducts”
and “tunnels”. Mr Peacock argued that the removal of the comma meant that the
words “with a primary purpose of carrying utility conduits” now referred only
to the word “tunnels” and not also to the words “underground ducts”. I do not
accept this and I agree with Mr Brennan that even without the comma, the
natural reading of the words in Item 25 of List C remains the same. There was
no indication in the published explanatory notes at the time that any change of
meaning was intended by the omission of the comma between the 1990 Act and CAA
2001, nor can I see any rational basis for a distinction between the two. Mr
Peacock did not argue (rightly, in my view)
that there are any “utility
conduits” involved in any of the
various
conduits which transfer the water from
the water intakes to the reservoir. I therefore consider Item 25 does not
apply to this conduit.
76.
I turn next to Item 22 in List C, which leaves
“unaffected” by the excluding provisions of section 22 any expenditure on “the
alteration of land for the purpose only of installing plant or machinery”. In
the present case, the only possible “plant” capable of being relevantly
installed is the conduit itself (I consider it to be too remote from any of the
water intakes, the headrace or the generating
equipment for this purpose). As
already identified (see [41]
above), the inclusion of an item in List B does not exclude the item from
qualifying as plant, it merely excludes allowances for expenditure incurred on
its provision. One must fall back on the common law to establish whether this
conduit is “plant”. It admittedly serves a plant-like function (of assisting
in the transfer of water from the water intakes to the reservoir) and I do not
see how it could be regarded as part of the “premises” or “setting” within
which the appellant’s trade is carried on. I see no reason why it should not
properly be regarded as part of the appellant’s plant at common law, and I find
that it is (Mr Brennan did not contest this, whilst not actually conceding it).
Having established that, the other two questions to be addressed in considering
Item 22 are (a) whether the expenditure on its creation can properly be
regarded as being expenditure on “the alteration of land”, and (b) whether any
such alteration can fairly be regarded as “for the purpose only of installing
plant or machinery” (it being remembered that the relevant plant is the conduit
itself).
77. As to question (a), in a situation where the drill and blast process was undertaken in order to create a subterranean conduit, it must follow logically that the expenditure incurred on that process was incurred on the alteration of land; the essence of the process was to alter the land in order to form the conduit. Moreover, I consider the conclusion at [40] above in relation to the interpretation of “works involving the alteration of land” in section 22(1)(b) CAA to be irrelevant when considering the slightly different phrase “the alteration of land” in the different context of Item 22 in List C.
78.
As to question (b) (whether such alteration was “for
the purpose only of installing plant or machinery”), the key issue is whether
it can fairly be said that the drilling, blasting and lining process which
actually created the conduit was done “for the purpose only of installing” the
conduit itself. In this context, I consider the completed conduit must be
considered as a single item, made up of the drilled and blasted void
together
with the associated shotcrete lining (and any associated rock bolt
stabilisation, though no evidence of such was drawn to my attention). As I see
it, the answer to the question revolves around the meaning of the word
“installing”, and in particular whether it extends to include installation by
the creation in situ of the asset in question, in addition to installation by
putting in place something which previously existed, albeit perhaps only in
component form (as in the case of installation of a pipeline).
79.
The OED relevantly defines “install” as “to
place (an apparatus, a system of ventilation,
lighting, heating, or the like)
in position for service or use”. This does not take matters much further. I
consider the matter finely balanced, but standing back and looking at the matter
realistically, the end result of the appellant’s operations was to create in
the appropriate place an item of plant (the aqueduct) which was an important
element of the overall Scheme where previously there had only been solid rock.
Looked at in that way, I consider the alteration of land involved in the creation
of the aqueduct to have been carried out for the purpose only of installing the
aqueduct.
80. It follows that I consider allowances to be available in full for the expenditure incurred in the creation, lining and (if relevant) stabilisation (with rock bolts) of the conduit.
“Cut and cover” conduit built on site with reinforced concrete
81. In common with the other components in the system of conduits, I am satisfied this structure has a plant-like function and I consider it to be part of the appellant’s “plant” within the common law sense. It differs from the drilled and blasted section in that it comprises a clearly quite discrete concrete structure which was erected along a large pre-excavated trench which was then backfilled, rather than a drilled and blasted conduit which has simply been lined.
82.
However, applying my views
set out at [67] and [69] above as to, respectively, the correct
interpretation of the words “tunnel” and “aqueduct” in Item 1 of List B, I
consider this structure also to be not a tunnel but an aqueduct (and,
accordingly, not “works involving the alteration of land” within section
22(1)(b) – see [40] above). Expenditure
on its provision is therefore excluded by section 22(1)(a) and Item 1 of List B,
except to the extent saved by section 23 and Item 22 or 25 of List C. For the
reasons given at [41] above, I
consider its inclusion in List B does not preclude it from being “plant”, only (potentially)
from expenditure on it being allowable.
83. For the same reasons as are set out at [62] above, I do not consider it falls within Item 25 of List C as a “pipeline”, and for the reasons set out at [75] above, I do not consider it to fall within the other parts of that Item.
84.
The question then arises as to whether Item 22
applies to this aqueduct, given its slightly different method of construction
from the “drill and blast” section referred to above. The difficulty for the
appellant here is that the reinforced concrete structure which was actually
built but then covered over must, on any sensible view,
be regarded as the
“aqueduct”; it had a separate existence as such entirely independent of the
prior excavation and subsequent covering over. In that important respect, it
is different from the “drill and blast” aqueduct, which only became
viable
as
such once it had been excavated and lined. The erection of the concrete
aqueduct structure could not, in my
view,
fairly be said to be an “alteration
of land”, and the costs of that erection are not therefore saved by Item 22.
However, it is equally clear that the costs of excavating its base and
subsequently covering it over were incurred on the alteration of land for the
purpose only of installing the aqueduct structure itself, and are accordingly
allowable.
85.
It follows that no allowances are available for
the expenditure on the fabrication in situ of the concrete conduit itself (excluded
as an “aqueduct” by Item 1 in List B), but the expenditure incurred on the
preparatory excavations and the subsequent re-covering of the conduit after it
had been built is allowable. Whilst it might appear a somewhat
counter-intuitive result that the method of construction should make a
difference to the CAA treatment in this way, intuition is rarely a reliable
guide to statutory interpretation, and the difference in treatment flows
logically, in my view,
from the terms of the legislation.
Uncovered rock- and concrete-lined channels
86.
For the same reasons as set out above, I consider these channels
are also “aqueducts” for the purposes of Item 1 of List B. They are clearly
not “tunnels”. Expenditure on their provision is therefore excluded, except to
the extent saved by Item 22 or 25 of List C. I consider Item 25 cannot apply
because all of these channels are, by their very
nature, set into the surface
of the ground and are not therefore “underground ducts or tunnels”; quite
clearly they are also not “pipelines”.
87. So far as Item 22 of List C is concerned, I consider the same analysis must logically apply as for the drilled and blasted section of aqueduct. The aqueducts have been created by excavating rough channels, which have then been lined either with rocks or concrete. They have been created by means of that process, which is inherently a process of alteration of land. The only purpose in doing so was to install the resulting aqueducts as part of the overall water gathering system.
89.
Sections of the headrace are engineered in somewhat
different ways and the bottom two sections perform additional functions to
those performed by the upper part. The top (main) section of the headrace was
originally designed and built as a simple shaft through the rock, reinforced (where
rock conditions required it) and lined with rock bolts and
shotcrete. The next 220 metres or so (working down) includes a very
much more
robust reinforced concrete lining with grouting injected between the bare rock
and the reinforced concrete. This section was designed in this way in order to
prevent any risk of the water pressure in the headrace bursting through the
rock and flooding the power cavern. The final 85 metres below that section includes
a tapered and curved steel tube which is securely attached to the main inlet
valve
below the turbine at the bottom of the power cavern (which, as well as
preventing the water pressure from bursting the wall of the power cavern, also
provides a completely secure and watertight engineered connection between the
headrace and the main inlet
valve).
90.
The headrace as a whole certainly performs a plant-like function
in delivering water at progressively increasing pressure, without significant
leakage, from the reservoir to the turbine in the power cavern. I consider it to
be an item of plant at common law. I note that in Margrett v
Lowestoft
Water & Gas Company (1935) 19
TC
481 Finlay J in the High Court decided
that a structure which supported a water tank at the requisite height above
ground level to provide the necessary head of water was not plant; however I
consider the headrace to be
very
different (as well as noting that in Barclay
Curle, doubts were expressed about the correctness of the decision in Margrett).
Rather than simply supporting a plant-like structure, the headrace itself
performs the function of plant. To echo the words of Lord Guest in Barclay
Curle, it performs a function of “harnessing the natural element of
gravity… to perform a trade function.” As such, it cannot be seen as part of
the setting in which the appellant’s trade is carried on, it is part of the plant
with which it is carried on.
91.
I consider the functions of each section of the headrace to be
very
different from that served by the
various
aqueducts considered above, and
I do not consider the headrace (or any part of it) to be an “aqueduct” in the
sense used in Item 1 of List B – its function is far more complex than simply
transporting water from one place to another; it is designed to deliver the
required 18.6 cubic metres per second of water at a pressure of 60 atmospheres
to the turbine without allowing it to escape and dissipate or cause
catastrophic damage to the power cavern and the equipment in it.
92. The question then arises as to whether it (or any part of it) is a “tunnel” within Item 1. My observations on the meaning of “tunnel” in that context are set out at [67] above. For the reasons there given, I do not consider the headrace (or any part of it) to be a “tunnel” within Item 1 of List B.
93. Thus I do not consider the headrace, or any part of it, to be any of the assets or structures listed in Item 1 of List B (the only Item which Mr Brennan argued to be relevant).
94.
The next question is whether any of the expenditure on the
headrace was incurred on “works involving the alteration of land”, within the
meaning of section 22(1)(b) CAA. Given the way in which I consider that phrase
should be interpreted (see [39] – [40] above), I consider that it was, insofar
as it comprised the cost of drilling the headrace and reinforcing and lining it.
The works in doing so amounted in my view
to works which had as their objective
the creation of a carefully engineered headrace by means of the alteration of
land which was carried out through the boring, reinforcing and lining process.
95. Accordingly, unless saved by Item 22 or 25 in List C, the expenditure incurred in creating the headrace would be disallowed to that extent.
96.
Given my views
on the correct interpretation of Item 25 in List C
(see [74] and [75] above), I do not consider it can assist Mr Peacock in
relation to any part of the headrace.
97. As to Item 22 in List C, I consider similar points arise as in relation to the underground water conduits (the “drill and blast” and “cut and cover” sections referred to at [64] and [81] above respectively).
98.
The bottom 85 metre section of the headrace contains a tapered
steel pipe which attaches to the main inlet valve
and
HMRC
have accepted that
the cost of this pipe and of boring the associated length of the headrace
itself qualify for allowances. In my
view,
they were correct to do so.
99. The remainder of the headrace might be regarded as comprising two sections working upwards: first, the final 220 metres or so before the steel-lined section, which has been lined with reinforced concrete; and second, the remaining length which was either left as a simple drilled shaft through the bare rock or was stabilised and lined to a greater or lesser degree with rock bolts and shotcrete (whether at the time of original creation of the headrace or when the remedial work on it was carried out).
100.
Whether these sections are viewed
independently or (which I
consider to be the better
view)
as elements of a single item of plant
comprising the entire headrace, it is clear to me that any parallel with the
“cut and cover” aqueduct section would be misconceived. The headrace was
created and reinforced or lined in a single operation which brought into
existence an item of plant, rather than being formed by installation of a
separate structure within the setting of a prepared shaft. It is akin to the
“drill and blast” section of aqueduct, and in my
view
the same analysis must
apply to it. The expenditure that was incurred in boring and lining it was in
my
view
incurred for the purpose only of installing the completed headrace, an
item of plant at common law. Accordingly, whilst it would be excluded from
allowances by section 22(1)(b) CAA, the expenditure on it is saved by Item 22
in List C and accordingly it is allowable in full.
101. The parties have agreed that the remedial expenditure on the headrace should carry the same treatment for CAA purposes as the original expenditure on its creation. I consider this to be correct and accordingly such expenditure is also allowable in full. For the avoidance of doubt, I consider that the cost of boring the downstream access tunnel (which was created solely in order to provide direct access to the headrace from the main access tunnel for the purpose of the remedial works, and therefore for the purpose only of installing the replacement section of headrace) should be regarded as having been incurred in the provision of that replacement headrace section, similar to the excavation works in Barclay Curle.
102. Mr Peacock urged me to consider these as two separate items, Mr Brennan considered them to be a single entity. They were excavated in a single process and only separated afterwards by blast-resistant and fireproof doors and partitioning, but if it were relevant I would regard them as a single entity.
103.
Mr Brennan’s primary submission was that these
caverns were “works involving the alteration of land” within section 22(1)(b)
CAA and accordingly the expenditure on their provision was not allowable. The
only arguable saving provision was to be found in Item 22 of List C, but in his
submission that saving was clearly inapt because the caverns had been excavated
not only for the purpose of installing the various
large items of
generating
plant and machinery, but also (crucially) for the purpose of providing the
place in which the appellant carries on its trade of electricity
generation,
including
various
elements of staff accommodation (toilets, showers, rest room,
control room, etc). The caverns could not themselves be seen as “plant” in the
sense that the dry dock in Barclay Curle was a “giant
vice”
in which the
ships were held. They performed no function apart from accommodating an
underground power station. They were the setting in which the trade was
carried on, not part of the plant used in doing so.
104.
Mr Brennan’s secondary argument (though he
placed it first in his skeleton argument) was that if not “works involving the
alteration of land”, then the caverns constituted a “building” within the
meaning of section 21 CAA. They had all the accoutrements of a building –
walls, a floor, a roof, rooms etc. They were “the result of a process of construction
which has given rise to an enclosed space designed and used for the
accommodation and protection of things and persons and for the carrying on of
the trading activity”. They were an unusual building, to be sure, but a
building nonetheless. To illustrate the breadth of possible meanings of the
word “building”, he referred me to R (Ghai) v
Newcastle City Council
[2010] EWCA Civ 59, 3 All ER 380. That case was concerned with the
interpretation of the word “building” as applied to structures within which
human cremation was permitted under statute, but the Court of Appeal made some
general comments about how the interpretation of the word should be approached.
105. I do not find Mr Brennan’s submission that the caverns (or either of them) amount to a “building” in any way convincing, nor do I find the comments in Ghai of any assistance. In normal English usage, nobody would refer to a cavern as a “building”, nor do I consider there to be anything in the statutory context here which suggests otherwise. Section 21 CAA contemplates the “construction” of a building, and it would be more apt to regard the caverns as having been excavated than constructed. The fact that the power station might just as easily have been installed in a different structure which anyone would recognise as a building (which Mr Brennan seemed to consider relevant) adds nothing to the argument. I do not consider the caverns (either separately or together) to be a building and therefore section 21 does not apply to them.
106.
In response to Mr Brennan’s primary argument, Mr
Peacock likened the expenditure on excavation of the caverns to the excavation
expenditure in Barclay Curle and Cooke v
Beach Station Caravans
[1974] STC 402. He argued that the cost of excavation was part of the cost of
provision of the
generating
equipment, on the basis that it was necessary
expenditure to install that which is agreed to be plant or machinery. To the
extent it might serve other purposes (e.g. to provide accommodation appropriate
for the use of
visiting
engineers), those other purposes were entirely
ancillary. The uncontested evidence of Mr Smith was that the siting of the
generating
equipment in caverns at the specific location chosen was “to
optimise the head and hydraulic system layout, to maximise the power production
from the Scheme while minimising the cost of construction based on the topology
and geology.” On any realistic appraisal, the only reason for creating the
caverns was so as to install the
generating
equipment in the
very
best possible
place. So far as the transformer cavern was concerned, the argument was in his
submission even stronger, as that cavern contained nothing but the transformer
and its associated equipment; there was no ancillary accommodation at all. To
the extent it was relevant, Item 22 in List C would save the excavation
expenditure from disallowance under section 22 CAA, essentially for the same
reasons. As to the word “solely” in Item 22, he submitted the same realistic
appraisal of the purpose of the excavations led inexorably to the conclusion
that the sole purpose had been to install the
generating
equipment in the best
possible location; in doing so, of course ancillary accommodation was required
for
visiting
staff, etc, but that was not, on any realistic
view,
a purpose of the
appellant in excavating the caverns. Another way of addressing the issue, in
his submission, was to apply a “but for” test, i.e. to ask the question: “would
this particular expenditure have been incurred but for the desire to install
plant and machinery?”
107. One argument Mr Peacock did not raise (though he came close to it at one point) was that the caverns might themselves be regarded as “plant” within the common law meaning of the word. He referred to the description by Lord Guest in Barclay Curle of the water tower in Margrett: “the harnessing of the natural element of gravity… to perform a trade function” as “a pretty good description of what goes on at Glendoe”. He did not go so far as to seek to bring the caverns themselves under that umbrella, and I consider he was right not to do so.
108.
In my view,
the caverns clearly fell outside any
of the Items in List B (neither side argued that they fell within it) but quite
clearly amounted to “works involving the alteration of land” within section
22(1)(b) CAA. The sole question to be addressed therefore is whether the
expenditure on their excavation was incurred “for the purpose only of
installing plant or machinery” for the purposes of Item 22 in List C. The
difference between the parties on this issue could be summarised thus: while
Mr Peacock submitted that the only purpose for creating the caverns was to
install the
generating
machinery (it having been established that the best
place overall for doing so was in caverns excavated at this precise spot), Mr
Brennan submitted that the real purpose of excavating the caverns was to create
the premises within which the trade of electricity
generation
could be carried
on, into which the
generating
equipment could subsequently be installed.
109.
As set out at [79] above, the Oxford English Dictionary
relevantly defines “install” as “to place (an apparatus, a system of
ventilation,
lighting, heating, or the like) in position for service or use”.
In common parlance, the word carries a connotation of setting something in
place, possibly with some ancillary alterations to the “place” in which it is
being set. In the present case, the excavation of the caverns actually created
the place in which the separate apparatus in question (the
generating
equipment) was to be installed. Mr Peacock effectively argued that there was
an exact parallel between the excavations in Barclay Curle (expenditure
on which was allowed by the House of Lords as expenditure on the “provision” of
the dry dock installed in those excavations) and the excavation of the
caverns. I do not consider this to be correct. The excavations in Barclay
Curle were entirely different in nature from those involved in this appeal;
it is one thing to prepare an existing ground surface to receive an item of
plant but it is altogether a different matter to create, out of solid rock, a
cavern or caverns into which
various
items of plant and machinery can
thereafter be installed. The work involved in the former can fairly be said to
be carried out “only for the purpose of installing” the relevant plant or
machinery; the latter in my
view
cannot. Instead, I consider it to amount to
the creation of the setting or premises in which the trade was to be carried on;
to be sure, the intention was always to install the
generating
equipment in the
caverns, and they would not have been excavated but for that intention. But
that is not the test. Unlike the headrace and the aqueducts, I do not consider
the caverns to have any plant like function in their own right, they amount
merely to the setting or premises within which the
generating
trade could be
conducted.
111.
However, once the caverns had actually been
created, there was additional expenditure incurred on installing the plant and
machinery within the void
so created. I note, for example, that a reinforced
concrete structure was erected, from which the
generator
was effectively
suspended, and the cost of doing so seems to me to have been a cost incurred in
the “provision” of the
generating
equipment (within the general principles set
out in Barclay Curle), notwithstanding that it also provided floor surfaces
capable of being walked upon. The heavy duty overhead mobile crane was mounted
on reinforced concrete beams specifically constructed for the purpose and I
consider the cost of construction of those beams similarly to have been
incurred in the provision of the crane. There was also a dispute about steel access
hatches set into the concrete structure to enable the crane to be used to raise
and lower heavy items (if necessary, the
generator
or turbine themselves) for
maintenance and replacement purposes. Without such access arrangements, the
crane would effectively be largely useless, and I consider those hatches to
have performed a plant-like function in facilitating the operation of the crane,
and not to operate as part of the premises or setting in which the trade was to
be carried on. They share the same analysis, in my
view,
as the removable
partitions in Jarrold
v
John Good & Sons
Ltd
[1963] 1 All ER 141. As
such, I consider the expenditure incurred on their provision also to be
allowable.
113. I consider the Tailrace to be an aqueduct, for similar reasons as those set out at [64] to [80] above in relation to the drilled and blasted sections of the water gathering conduits. Though it was mostly bored by a tunnel boring machine rather than drilled and blasted, I do not consider the method of construction makes any difference to the analysis. It is still a conduit which transports water (in this case, the spent water from the turbine) from one place to another (the turbine outlet to Loch Ness) under the simple action of gravity and it has no special characteristics of the type displayed by the headrace. For the same reasons as are set out at [64] to [80] above, I consider the expenditure incurred on its provision is saved by Item 22 of List C.
116. Both parties agreed this fell within Item 1 of List B as a “tunnel” properly so called. I agree. The question is whether it is saved by Item 22 or 25 in List C.
117.
I do not consider that it is. It cannot be said to have a
“primary purpose of carrying utility conduits”, as its primary purpose was
originally to reach the point at which the caverns would be excavated and its
subsequent purpose is clearly to allow personal access to the caverns (even
though for some or all of its length it also carries utilities). Accordingly
Item 25 cannot apply. Nor, for reasons similar to those given in relation to
the caverns themselves, can it be regarded as having been created “for the
purpose only of installing plant or machinery”; a very
large part of its
purpose was to facilitate the creation of the caverns themselves (and to
provide subsequent access to them), even though of course the plant and
machinery would also have been installed after being transported in along the
tunnel. Thus although the access tunnel was excavated partly with the purpose
of using it for installing the plant and machinery, that was not the “only”
purpose of incurring the expenditure on it; it was also to provide subsequent access
to create and use the caverns.
118. I consider therefore that the expenditure incurred on the main access tunnel is not allowable.
119. Turbine outflow tunnel
120. This is the name given to the short stretch of conduit that joins the outflow of the turbine to the tailrace (the tailrace and the headrace were bored in a single straight line, with the caverns set to one side, so a short length of conduit is required to bridge the gap from the turbine back to the main tailrace tunnel). I consider this to be an additional (first) part of the tailrace, and to merit the same treatment for capital allowance purposes as the main part of the tailrace, for essentially the same reasons.
122.
The tailrace and the headrace were bored in a single line. As the
end of the headrace was then diverted towards the caverns by a 45 degree bend
and the output from the turbine re-joined the original tailrace further down at
a similar angle, a short length of the original bore of the combined
headrace/tailrace, known as the “dewatering tunnel”, was left generally
unused. It does however serve (along with a short stretch of conduit, known as
the “drainage tunnel”, which links it to the steel-lined section of the
headrace shortly before the main inlet valve)
as a dewatering arrangement,
should it be necessary to dewater the headrace without passing all the water in
it through the turbine. Most of the time it lies empty. Nonetheless, I
consider its purpose when used to be that of an aqueduct, designed to allow the
water to be simply evacuated from the headrace when required.
124. The connection tunnel allows personal access from the main access tunnel (some way away from the caverns) around the side of the caverns to an emergency tunnel (which provides a separate means of escape from the caverns if the main entrance from the caverns to the access tunnel is blocked). It then continues down to join the turbine outflow tunnel about half way along its length, providing access to it for inspection and maintenance purposes. About three quarters of the length of the connection tunnel therefore serves both purposes, and the last quarter solely provides access to the turbine outflow tunnel.
125. I consider this pair of tunnels to fall within Item 1 of List B as “tunnels”. There was no evidence before me to suggest that any part of either of them was created “for the purpose only of installing plant and machinery” (beyond Mr Peacock’s general argument, which I reject, to the effect that all the excavations were carried out only for that purpose).
126. Neither tunnel carried utility conduits, and I do not consider it can fairly be said (for the reasons set out above) that expenditure was incurred on them for the purpose only of installing plant and machinery.
127. It follows that the expenditure incurred on them is not allowable.
128. This is a short length of tunnel which leads directly from the transformer cavern up to the main access tunnel a short distance outside the caverns. Its purpose is to carry the main 132kV output cabling from the transformer to the main access tunnel. It is however large enough comfortably to walk down, with the cabling mounted securely on the wall.
129.
I am satisfied that although it is undoubtedly a tunnel (see [66] above for the basis of this view)
and therefore falls within Item 1 in List
B, it is also a tunnel which has “a primary purpose of carrying utility
conduits”, namely the 132kV output cable to the national grid. Mr Brennan
argued there was no evidence before me upon which I could make such a finding.
However, I consider it to be a clear inference from the way that the
various
tunnels are arranged and the fact that this tunnel has no apparent use apart
from to accommodate the power cable; it leads nowhere other than from the main
access tunnel to the transformer cavern. At one point, Mr Brennan had also
argued that the fact that the 132kV cable was an outgoing power supply rather
than an incoming one meant that it could not properly be regarded as a
“utility”; upon instructions, however, he specifically abandoned this argument though
declaring himself, somewhat wistfully, to have warmed to it as he had been
developing it.
130. I consider the expenditure incurred on the respective items to be allowable (or not) as expenditure incurred on the provision of plant or machinery as follows:
(1) In relation to the water intakes and associated headponds – allowable in full (see [50] and [55] above);
(2) In relation to the water conduits between the water intakes and the main reservoir:
(a) Lengths of prefabricated plastic and concrete pipes buried underground – allowable in full, including costs of burying (see [63] above);
(b) Drilled and blasted underground conduit, lined with shotcrete –allowable in full (see [80] above);
(c) “Cut and cover” reinforced concrete built on site – costs of construction of conduit itself not allowable, but costs of excavation and subsequent re-covering allowable in full (see [85] above);
(d) Uncovered rock- and concrete-lined channels –allowable in full (see [88] above);
(3) In relation to the headrace – allowable in full (see [100] above) including the remedial work to it (see [101] above).
(4)
In relation to the caverns, the costs of excavation (including the rock
bolt stabilisation and shotcrete lining) are not allowable (see [110] above) but the costs of erecting the reinforced concrete structures within the
power cavern in order to mount the crane and the generating
equipment properly
are allowable (see [111] above) along with the steel access hatches allowing
the crane to perform its function. There may be certain further items of
expenditure incurred within the caves which may be allowable, as to which a
final determination can be issued upon receipt of further detailed evidence, if
necessary (see [112] above).
(5) In relation to the tailrace –allowable in full (including the remediation expenditure), as well as the concrete structure on the shore of Loch Ness which permits dewatering (including the cost of any alteration to land solely for the purpose of its installation) (see [114] and [115] above);
(6)
In relation to the various
other lengths of tunnel or conduit –
(a) Main access tunnel – not allowable (see [118] above);
(b) Turbine outflow tunnel – allowable in full (see [121] above);
(c) Drainage and dewatering tunnels – allowable in full (see [123] above);
(d) Connection tunnel and emergency tunnel – not allowable (see [127] above);
(e) Transformer cable tunnel – allowable in full (see [129] above).
131. The appeal is accordingly ALLOWED IN PART in principle to the extent set out above. The parties are at liberty to apply for determination of any unresolved disputes of amount or detail if they are unable to reach final agreement on the basis of this decision in principle.
132. This document contains full findings of fact and reasons for the decision. Any party dissatisfied with this decision has a right to apply for permission to appeal against it pursuant to Rule 39 of the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Tax Chamber) Rules 2009. The application must be received by this Tribunal not later than 56 days after this decision is sent to that party. The parties are referred to “Guidance to accompany a Decision from the First-tier Tribunal (Tax Chamber)” which accompanies and forms part of this decision notice.
[1]
Also known as “rock dowels”, these are metal rods approximately 6 to 8 feet
long which are screwed into the rock in particular patterns depending on the
local conditions. They knit the mass of rock together, so stabilising it and
preventing individual pieces from progressively collapsing into the void.
[2]
This involves drilling holes into the rock, inserting and detonating explosives
and then removing the shattered rock before repeating the process to extend the
void
in the required direction, where necessary stabilising the rock around the
void
so created.
[3]
This description is used for convenience only; it comprises various
conduits
with different characteristics as set out in more detail below and the generic
use of the word “tunnel” should not be taken to pre-judge the true nature of
the
various conduits, some of which I consider not to be “tunnels” within the
meaning of that word for the purposes of CAA (see below).